(Asterisks indicate pages on which are illustrations of the subject mentioned.)
Aalenian of Europe, 502
Acadian coal field, 401. Disturbance, 316, 317,* 425,* 445* epoch, 101
Acadic geosyncline, 136, 139*, 195,* 231,* 273*
Acadis, 138, 192, 194, 369
Acanthodians, 293, 294, 295,* 330, 341
Actinians, 155,* 157, 286*
Actinocamax quadratus, 532*
Actinodesnia erectuni, 320*
Adaptation in organisms, 49
Adinetopsis suhfusiformiS, 575*
AEpyornis, 587
AEquinoctia, 53
Aerolites, 117
Aetosaurus, 474
Africa, as an asylum for life, 448 glaciation in, in Permian, 428* greater, 60 plateau lavas of, 512 tillites of, 175, 428
Aftonian interglacial stage, 654
Agaricocrinus hullatus, 337*
Agassiz and glacial climates, 444
Agassizocrinus dactyliJormis, 337*
Ages, 93
Agnostus montis, 201*
Air bladder in fishes, 290, 298, 301, 303
Air-breathing, evolution of, 274, 298300, 303-304, 307, 434
Albany formation, 421
Albert formation, 338, 342, 369
Albertan faunal realm, 200
Albertella fauna, 194, 200
Albertite, 253
Albian of Europe, 537
Aldebaran, 112
Aleffiopteris grandifolia, 376*
Alexandrian epoch, 101, 262, 264, 273*
Alexandric embayment, 13S, 139*
Algjn, 17, 47, 69,* 152,* 155,* 165, 176,* 177,* 200,* 235
Algoman granites, 162 Revolution, 102, 161
Algonkian, 102
Allantois, 414, 415*
Alleghenian epoch, 101, 353, 355,* 361, 398*
Alleghenv cuesta, 268* plateau, 268,* 312,* 357*
Alhgators, 412, 601
Allorisrna subquidraium, 365*
Allosaurus agilis 496*
Alpine Triassic, 455
Alps, Hercynian, 427 Lepontine, 610 New England, 426* orogeny in, 610 Paleozoic, 352*, 367
Altaids, 352*
Altamont formation, 353
Alternation of generations in plants, 380
Alum Bluff formation, 590
Amazonis, 55,* 56, 435,* 555,* 568
Amb formation of India, 421
Amblypods, 632-633
Ambocoelia planocorwexa, 365* umhonata, 321*
Ames formation, 353, 395*
Ammonites, 21, 366,* 454, 476, 477,* 509, 522, 528-531, 541, 561, 575,* 576* decline of, 476, 512 evolution of, 530-531 extinction of, 556, 580
Amnigenia catskillensis, 331*
Amnion, 415,* 416
Amniota, 415, 416
[ p. 692 ]
AmoBha, 9*
Amphibians, 13,* 19, 331, 334, 342, 360,* 362, 364, 405-412, 449
Age of, 101 and climate, 443 classification of, 408 legs of, 302* respiration in, 408
Amphiuma iridactyla, 407*
Amplexus yandelli, 284*
Ampyx nasutu, 242*
Amsterdam formation, 233
Amynodonts, 638
Anamnia, 416
Ancestral Rocky Mts., 368, 422, 425,* 426 Rocky Mts. geanticline, 141,* 142, 466
Andiisauripm (Brontozoum) silliimni, 480*
Anchisaurus, 474, 481 colurus, 480*
Anckitherium, 630*
Ancyhceras maiheronianum, 576*
Ancylus lake, 659
Andeic geosyncline, 568
Andes Mts, 368,* 567,* 568, 608
Andromeda, 109
Aneimites fertiliSy 376*
Anemones, sea, 19, 282, 283*
Angaris, 56, 57,* 315, 435,* 555*
Angiosperms, 17,* 20, 47, 379, 385, 388, 541, 543, 545, 549-552
Animal kingdom, 14, 20
Animals, 8, 9, 14, 19 land, first, 263 in marine deposits, 81 primary food of, 9
Animas formation, 537
Animikian series, 102, 156, 160, 164165
Anisian of Europe, 456
Ankylosaurs, 487-489
Annelids, 13,* 19, 47, 158, 177, 178,* 203
Anodorday 221 *
Anolcites meeki, 477*
Anomdltna, 536*
Anomodontia, 417
Anomcepus majoTy 480*
Antarctic Ocean, 62
Antarctis, 53, 56, 430, 432, 598
Antelopes, 622, 623
Anthozoa, 2S3-2SS
Anthracite, 253, 390, 391,* 393, 403
Anthracojnyay 362
Anthropoids, 668
Anticlinal theory of petroleum, 255-259
Anticlinoria, 140
Anticosti series, 266
Antigua formation, 590
Antillean Mts., 567*
Antillis, 55,* 56, 138, 139,* 192, 554, 569,* 570, 595
Ants, 515, 600, 601
Anura, 408
Anversian of Europe, 590
Ape-man, 667,* 668,* 673, 674-675, 677
Apennines Mts., origin of, 610
Apes, 615,* 616, 623, 669, 670, 671,* 672, 687
Aphotic region of oceans, 70
Aphthorollaiiina johnsoniy 363*
Aphyllites varmxemi, 322*
Aporrhais prolabiatay 575*
Appalachian coal field, 401 delta, 310-311, 316 Mts., 310,* 312,* 368,* 423, 425,* 457, 569* Plateau, 606 Revolution, 101, 426-427, 445,* 456, 478, 567*
Appalachic geosyncline, 136, 139,* 158, 159,* 186, 192, 195,* 196, 197, 200, 204, 231,* 273,* 313,* 355,* 654, 572
Appalachis, 138, 139,* 194, 426, 503, 544, 604, 605-606
Aptian of Europe, 537
Aquitanian of Europe, 590
Arabian Sea, origin of, 572
Arachnida, 47
Aragonite, 28, 30, 87
Arapahoe formation, 537
Araucarias, 387
Arbuckle Mts., rise of, 368
Arca 222 *
Archoeocyathus profundus , 189*, 191 renssdobricus, 189*
Archaeopteris, Age of, 328
ArchoBopteris Mbemica, 327* strictay 376*
[ p. 693 ]
ArchcBopteryx, 516, 583,* 585 mcLcrura 584*
Archaeopteryx theory of flight, 5855SQ
Archaic mammals, 474-475, 497, 507,* 516,* 564, 579, 598, 618, 619, 632
Archean, 102, 145
Archegosaurus, 410*
Archelon, 578
Archeozoic, 102, 105, 143-157 amount of water in, 65 life of, 152-157 red beds in, 156
Archimedes 334, 340, 341
Arctic Ocean, 62, 164
Arctocyon 617*
Arctotheres, 623
Arenig formation, 233
Argoides minimus 473*
Aridity, 343, 369, 420, 445* effect of, on limgs, 304
Arikaree formation, 590, 599
Arisaig series, 266
“Aristotle’s lantern” in echinids, 346
Armadillos, 623
Armor in Amphibia, 409 in dinosaurs, 487-489
Armorican Mts., 367
Art, origin of, 683
Arta of Europe, 421
Arthrodira, 293, 296*, 300-301, 324, 449
Arthrophytes, 18, 378, 380-382
Arthropods, 13,* 19, 21
Artifacts, human, 674
Artinsk of Europe, 419, 421
Artiodactyla, 632
Arundel formation, 537, 545, 577
Asa’phiscus, 200
Ash in coal, 393 volcanic, 26, 70, 239, 596, 661
Asia as cradle of man, 687
Asphalt, 253
Asteroid, 47, 125, 126
Asthenosphere, 128
Astian of Europe, 590
Astral eon. 103, 129
Astronomic time, 103
Astronomy, 107
Atane formation, 573
Aihyris spiriferoides, 321*
Aiikokania lairsoni, 163*
Atlantic land bridge, 61 Ocean, 62 overlaps of, 592 type of border, 59
Atlantis, 59
Atmosphere, 52, 438, 661, 662 origin of, 103 primal, 3, 124, 130, 133-134, 153-156, 162
Atoka formation, 353
Atops trilineatus, 189*
Atradite burckhardti, 477*
Atrypa nodosiriata 270* reticidariSy 321* spinosay 321*
Aucella, 506, 553 crcLssicollis biota, 543 pcdlasii, 504* piochii, 542
Aurelia 155*
Auriferous slates, 503
Aurignacian man, 682-684, 688
Austin formation, 536, 537, 560, 562
Australasia, 3, 53, 56, 57,* 655*
Australia, coal in, 401 tillites of, 174, 192, 429, 554
Australian man, 678*
Aves, see Birds
Avicidopecten orrvaius, 320*
Axinuray 341
Axolotls, 409
AjTnestry limestone, 264
Azilian man, 684
Azoic era, 103, 129-133
Bacteria, 18, 47, 155,* 156, 177, 373 denitrifying, 86* iron, 165
Bacterial decomposition, 254
Bacidites compressus, 575,* 576 gaudiniy 576*
Bad-lands, Cenozoic, 596
Bahamas, 570
Bajocian of
Europe, 502
Baku petroleum field, 248, 250, 612
Bala formation, 233
BcdanoglossuS, 19
[ p. 694 ]
Balcones fault, 571
Baltic Sea, origm of, 658
Baltic?, 5G, 57*, 75, 315, 435,* 555*
Baluchitheres, 636
Banff formation, 336
Bank.?, marine, S2
Barnwell formation, 590
Barrell, Joseph, 127*
planetoidal theorj- of, 125-126
Barremian of Europe, 537
Barrier, Mississippi River as, 594
Barriers, climatic, 447
to migration of organisms, 43
Bartonian of Europe, 590
Barysphere, 128
Basalt, Thulean, 512, 572, 610
Basement complex, 145
Bathonian of Europe, 502
Bathyliths, 61, 510, 539,* 568
BafhyuriscuS, 200
Baiocrinus pyriformiS, 337*, 348*
Batraehia, 13,* 21
Bats, 526, 615, 616
Beach depasit, 80, 265*
Bearpaw formation, 537
Bears, 44, 622, 623, 654
Beavers, 620, 622, 666
Becraft group, 309
Becsie formation, 264, 273*
Bedford formation, 335
Beekmantown formation, 204, 205, 229, 231,* 233
Beetles, 515, 600
Belemnites, 477,* 531-533, 556, 580
Bellerophon, 223*
Beltian series, 102, 156, 160, 166, 167,* 176, 180
Bendian formation, 353, 357, 358, 36S
Benthos, 73, 78
Benton formation, 535, 537, 541, 544, 555,* 557,* 558, 573
Berea formation, 335
Bermuda, 549
Berriasian of Europe, 537
Bertie formation, 264, 308*
Bicknell formation, 502
Biela s comet, 118
Big Buffalo formation, 233
Bigby formation, 233
BHUngsdla coloradoensis, 201,* 202, 203
Biococci, 7, 47
Biogenetic law, 46
Biology, 14
Bios, 53
Biosphere, 52
Birch, first, 577
Birds, 13,* 19, 21, 47, 454, 516, 579, 583, 585, 586,* 587, 601 flight in, 526 origin of, 582-583 relation of, to dinosaurs, 496 reptilian, 559,* 579* toothed, 556, 576, 578, 580, 582587
Birkhill formation, 264
Bison, 654, 666, 680
Bitumen, 253
Bivalves, 221-223, 320,* 331,* 365,* 477,* 504,* 518,* 542,* 552, 561, 575,* 601; also see Molluscs
fresh-water, 331,* 577 marine, 222* reef-building, 574*
Black Mingo formation, 590 River formation, 233 Sea, origin of, 659 shales, 202, 258, 307, 336, 340 and petroleum, 252, 254
Blaine formation, 421
Blaini tillites, India, 175
Blairmore formation, 544
Blanco formation, 590, 600, 654
Blastids, 19, 47, 270,* 320,* 337,* 345, 349, 454
Blastulas, 19, 47, 157
Block-faulting, 464
Bloomsburg formation, 264
Blount formation, 233
Blue Mt. series, 570
Body, organic, 157
Boggy formation, 353
Bolivina, 536*
Bonair formation, 353
Bonaventure formation, 338, 343
Bone bed of fishes, 324
Bones, mineral nature of, 29
Boone formation, 335
Borderlands, 138-140
Borders, continental, types of, 59
Borkholm formation, 2
[ p. 695 ]
Bomis, 56, 57*
Bos, 687
Boston, tillites near, 429
Botanj", 14
Bothriolspis, 296
Bowden formation, 604
Bowlder clays, 440
Brachiopods, 19, 21, 47, 189,* 190, 201,* 203, 214-218, 236,* 240,* 270,* 321,* 364, 365,* 521, 563, 575 ’
Brachyceratops, 490
Bradfordian series, 309
Brain, evolution of, 48, 304
human, evolution of, 670-671 in apes, 670, 671* in dinosaurs, 494 in mammals, 614, 617, 629, 640
Branchiopods, 203
Branchiosaurs, 364, 409, 410,* 411
Brancoceras ixion, 337* sulcatum, 322*
Brassfield formation, 264, 273*
Brazil, plateau lavas of, 512
Breadfruit, 443, 573, 577
Breaks, 39, 97, 98,* 179, 183,* 233, 262
Bridger formation, 590, 597, 619, 634
British Columbic geosyncline, 465,* 466, 503, 504, 505,* 536 539,* 557,* 566
Brittle-stars, 19, 21, 345
Brontosaurus excelsus, 483,* 484, 495, 516
Brontotherium, 634*
Brontozoum, 480*
Bronze, Age of, 684
Brownsport formation, 264
Bruce series, 102, 161, 163
Brule formation, 590
Brunswick formation, 456
Bryophytes, 18, 47, 329, 378
Bryozoa, 19, 21, 26,* 237, 272,* 341, 513
Bumasius trentonensis, 242*
Bunter of Europe, 455, 456
Burdigalian of Europe, 590
Burgess fauna, 202
Burial, human, origin of, 682
Burlington formation, 335, 336, 338
Butterflies, 37, 515*
Cacops aspidephorm, 407*
Caddis-flies, Jurassic, 515
Cceciiians, 410
Canopus, 637
Cahaba Disturbance, 343 formation, 353
Calamites, 360,* 375, 378, 381,* 382, 392, 401
Calaveras formation, 421
Calcium carbonate, use of, by organisms, 86
Calcium phosphate,
Champlainian, 245
Caledonian Disturbance, 264, 277-278, 314-316, 325
Calif omic geosyncline, 464, 465,* 503, 504, 505,* 536, 539,* 541, 542, 557,* 566, 599
Califomis, 139,* 140
Callavia zone, 191
Callograptus, 203
Callovian of Europe, 502
Caloosahatchie formation, 590
Calvin formation, 353
Cdymene ineeki, 242*
Camarotachia ventricosa, 321*
Camasia spongiosa, 176*
Cambrian, 101, 105, 185-206, 261-262 climate, 174, 192 emergence, 192 life, 186, 188-190, 199-203 Lower, 187-194 Middle, 194-206 mts., 186, 188 paleogeography, 192, 193,* 195,* 197 submergences, 196 Upper, 194-206
Camels, 619, 620, 621, 622, 631, 632, 652, 654, 664, 687
Camillus shale, 264
Campanian of Europe, 537
Campophyllum, 370
CamptosauriLS, 483,* 486
Canadian Shield, 55,* 56, 139,* 143, 148, 150, 151, 160, 192, 196, 315
Cancellaria ?nalachitensis, 575*
Caney formation, 353, 357, 358 tilHtes, 370
[ p. 696 ]
Caneyellll, 340
Canis, 617*
Cannel coal, 258, 393
Cannonball formation, 537, 557,* 563, 578
Canyon formation, 353, 368
Cape Breton series, 356 Lisbume coal, 503 May swamps, 397*
Capillary pressure in oil accumulation, 257
Capitan formation, 421 (’aradoc formation, 233
Carbon dioxide, 6, 66, 67, 153, 438-439, 661-662
migration of, 253
Carbonic acid, 53, 130-131
Carhonicola, 362
Carboniferous, 101, 333, 389; see also Mississippian and Pennsylvanian
Carcharodon, 294
Cardenas limestones, 562
Cardiader cinduS, 347*
Caribbean Sea, 62
Carlile formation, 537
Carnivores, 615,* 616, 618, 619, 620, 622
Carrizo
Creek formation, 604
Cascadian Revolution, 91, 603-604, 612
Csuscadis, 139,* 140, 160, 192, 194
Casea hrolli, 413*
Caspian oil field, 248, 250, 612 Sea, 61, 76
Castile formation, 421
Castle Mt. group, 166*
Casforoides ohioensis, 666
Casts of fossils, 31,* 32*
Cataclysmal theory, 23, 448
Cataract formation, 264, 265,* 268,* 273*
Catastrophisms, 38, 89
Cats, 620, 622, 623, 652, 654, 666, 687
Catskiil formation, 309, 325
Cattle, 622, 682
Caucasus Mts., origin of, 611
Caves, paintings in, 683
CajTigan epoch, 101, 263, 264
Cells of organisms, 7, 9*
Celluloee, 8
Cement rock, 245, 280
Cenomanian of Europe, 534, 535, 537, 572
Cenozoic, 100, 105, 588-613 climate, 602
continental deposits, 596 economic products, 612 life, 600-602 orogeny, 603-605, 609* paleogeography, 593* physiography, 605-608 submergences, 96, 591-596
Centipedes, 21
Central America, 569*, 594
Cordiheran Disturbance, 546-547 geanticline, 141,* 142, 511,* 567
Centrosphere, 128
CephalaspiS, 296, 297*
Cephalopods, 19, 47, 190, 203, 210, 220, 225-228, 236,* 322,* 366,* 477,* 528-533, 575* and climate, 443 geologic occurrence of, 199, 227 giant, 449
CeratiocariS, 276*
Ceratocephcda dufrenoyi, 270*
Ceraiopea, 235, 236*
Ceratopsia, 481, 485,* 489-490, 577
Ceratopyge fauna, 233
Ceratosaurus, 507*
Cercdotherium antiquitatis, 635
Ceraurus dentatus, 242*
Cereals, 550, 601
Cemaysian of Europe, 537
Cervcdces scotti, 666
Cestracionts, 294, 295,* 342*
Chadron formation, 590
ChosteteS, 370*
Chagrin formation, 309
Chalk deposits, 534r-536
Chamberlin, T. C., 123* and Moulton, planetesimal theory of, 122-125
Chamids, 541, 553
Champlain formation, 656
Champlainian, 101, 185. 229-246 climate, 232 dolomite, 229, 235 emergence, 235 life, 230, 233-235, 236,* 237, 239, 241, 242* orogeny, 244
[ p. 697 ]
Champlainian paleogeographv, 230, 231,* 238
Chaos, 119
Charlottis, 139,* 140
Channouthian of Europe, 502
Chase formation, 421
Chasmops fauna, 233
Chattahoochee formation, 590
Chattanoogan series, 335, 336
Chautauquan series, 309
Chaz3"an series, 233
Chemung formation, 309, 313*
Cherokee formation, 353, 357, 368
Cherts, 87
Chesapeake formation, 590, 592, 599, 602
Chesterian series, 335, 339
Cheverie formation, 339, 340
Cheyenne formation, 537, 556
Chico formation, 537, 546, 566
Chideru stage of India, 421
Chilhowee series, 188
Chimpanzee, 669, 672, 676,* 678*
China, coal of, 356, 401 tillites of, 175
Chmitna formation, 502
Chinle formation, 471
Chipola formation, 590
Chitin, 29
Chitistone limestones, 467
Chlorophyll, 8
Choanoflagellata, 155*
Cholesterol, 255
Chonetes, 270* 321,* 365*
Chordates, 47
Chouteau formation, 335
Chromatin, 7
Chromosomes, 9*
Chromosphere, 114
Chronogenesis, 14, 47, 48
Chronology, basis of, 3, 89
Chuar formation, 167, 175
Chushina formation, 197
Ciliata, 155*
Cimarron formation, 421
Cincinnati geanticline, 139,* 140, 141,* 241, 257,* 264
Cincinnatian epoch, 241
Cisco formation, 353
Citronella formation, 590
Civilization, beginnings of, 681-687
Clndoselache fyleri, 295*
Claggett formation, 537
Claiborne formation, 590, 604
Clams, see Lamellibranchs
Claosaurus 485,* 577
Clarendon formation, 599
Clarion formation, 353
Clarke, John M., 318*
Classes, organic, 15
Classification of organisms, 44
Clay iron-stone, 372
Clays, bowlder, 4i0 varied, 441, 658,* 659
Clear Fork formation, 421
Cleveland formation, 335
Climacograptus bicornis, 240*
Climates, 79, 327-329, 438-452, 660663; see also under the various periods and man, 685 fossils as indicators of, 25, 443 geologic, 79, 444-447 glacial, 171-175, 420, 428-430, 444-i46, 647-666 oceanic, 67, 439
Climatic zones, 440, 500
Clunatius macnicoli, 295*
Clinch formation, 264, 266
Clinton formation, 264, 267,* 268,* 272,* 273,* 278
Clonograptus, 234
Coal, 31, 329, 336, 354, 389-404, 463, 503, 543. 556, 558, 560, 580, 595, 596 and climate, 443, 445* anthracite, 253, 390, 391,* 393, 403 ash in, 393 balls, 32 bituminous, see
Coal, humic brown, 393, 403 cannel, 258, 393 derivation of, from plants, 31, 389, 391-392 graphitic, 390 humic, 390, 393, 403 in
China, 356 lignite, 393 limnetic, 397 making, time of greatest, 333, 351372 paralic, 397
[ p. 698 ]
CJoal, rate of accumulation of, 394 sulphur in, 393 swamps, 370, 390-397
Coast Range Disturbance, 445,* 510 Ranges, oil,* oGS, 569,* 603
Cobalt series, 102, 161, 163 tihite, 163
Cobleskill formation, 264, 308*
Coccospheres, 72, 536
CoccodeiLS, 296*
Cochliodonts, 294, 342*
Cockroaches, 363,* 378, 433, 515 Age of, 361
Coelenterata, 13,* 19, 20, 282-288
Coelomata, 19
Coelurosauria, 481
Coeymans group, 309
Coigns, 56
Cold blood in Amphibia, 405 in Reptilia, 412 earth theorj’, 122-125
Collagen, 29
CdOmia, 165, 177*
Collingwood formation, 233
Collozoic age, 153
Colonoceras, 638
Coloradic geosyncline, 505,* 511,* 538, 546,* 547, 551,* 554, 556, 557,* 562, 566, 567
Colorado desert, 604 , Plateau, 608 shale, 537
Collpomya constricta, 242*
Columbia River Plateau, 546,* 547, 608
Columbis, 55,* 56, 139,* 140, 508
Columnar jointing, 460,* 462*
Comanche Peak formation, 537
Comanchian series, 536, 537, 538-541
Comets, 116-118
Composita subtilllaf 365*
ConaspiS, 203
Conchin, 28
Concretions, 83, 87
Conemaughan epoch, 101, 353, 354, 355,* 361, 371, 398,* 552
Congaree formation, 590
Conglomerates, fossils in, 34 intiaformational, 82, 235 marine, 80
Coniacian of Europe, 537
Coniferophytes, 20, 379
Conifers, 18, 47, 330, 360,* 379, 386387, 472, 514, 546, 549
Connecticut Valley, Triassic of, 461, 463, 479
Continental borders, typpes of, 59 deposits, 324-327, 457-464, 467472, 506, 543, 544-545, 563-565, 596 and climates, 438-452 platforms, 53, 63* shelf, 58, 63 slopes, life of, 79
Continents, 52-62 changes in, 135-142 fragmenting of, 57, 59, 141,* 160, 510, 572, 609,* 610 grain of, 54 nucleus of, 55 origin of, 3, 55, 103, 131-132 permanency of, 56 transverse, 60, 430
Continuity, law of, 1, 4
Cooper formation, 590
Cope, E. D., 493*
Copper, Age of, 684
Cliff arkoses, 161 Keweenawan, 170
Coral muds, 71* reefs, 68, 82, 190, 232, 271, 272*, 287, 312, 319, 327, 370,* 455, 513, 520, 522, 573, 574, 580, 599 and climate, 443 in Arctic, 370*
Corallian of Europe, 502
Corals, 19, 47, 240,* 270,* 282-2SS, 314, 320,* 337,* 520, 260 cup, 284 habitats of, 287 honeycomb, 285* organpipe, 286 staghorn, 287 tabulate, 285*
Cordaites, 379, 381,* 386-387, 433
Cordilleran ice-sheet, 650, 651*
Intermontane geanticline, 141,* 539*, 557* Revolution, 509
Cordilleric geosyncline, 136, 138, 139,* 158, 159,* 186, 192, 195,*
[ p. 699 ]
Cordilleric geosjTicline, 196, 197, 200, 231,* 273,* 313,* 355,* 465, ♦ 505,* 539,* 557*
Cork in Pennsylvanian, 384
Corona of sun, 114
Corwin series, 504
Coryphodon, 617,* 633*
CorythosauruS, 487
Cosmic time, 103, 124
Cosmopolitan faunas, 79, 271, 318, 364 floras, 328, 359, 432
Cosmos, 36
Cotylosaurs, 412, 413,* 417, 418, 435
Council Grove formation, 421
Coutchiching formation, 102, 145, 146
Crabs, 21, 521,* 522, 602
Crania , 218
Creation, organic, 38, 89
Creodonts, 615,* 619, 620
Crepicephaliis, 201,* 203
Cretaceous, 100, 105, 534-581 -Cenozoic boundary, 563-565 climate, 446, 565, 573-576, 660 emergences, 546-547, 563-565, 567-570 fresh-water deposits, 543-646 lava flows, 572 life, 549-553, 576-580 Lower, 100, 534-553 mortality in, 579-580 orogeny, 546-547, 567-570 paleogeography, 539,* 555,* 557,* 569* peneplain, 310* submergences, 538, 539,* 554, 557563, 565-566 tillites, 554, 574 Upper, 100, 554-581
Crinids, 19, 21, 47, 240,* 270,* 337,* 340,345,348,520
Camerata, 348,* 349 “Critical periods,” 42, 50, 90, 91, 181, . 447-452, 565, 580, 612, 648
Crocodiles, 19, 412, 479, 518, 578, 601
Croixian epoch, 101, 195,* 196, 203
Crô-Magnon man, 682-684
Crossopterygians 298, 299, 412
Crown Point formation, 233
Crust of earth, 128-131, 146, 150
Crustacea, 47, 522
Cryphceus pundaiuS, 322*
Ciyptogams, 378
Cryptolithus iesaelatu, 211,* 242*
Cryptorhyiis uiahetmSf 575*
Cryptozoon, 176, 197, 198,* 235
Crystals, growth of, 5
Ctenacodon, 516*
Ctenodonta cingulata, 242*
Ctenophora, 19, 47, 155,* 157
Culm of Europe, 333, 336, 344
Currents, oceanic, 67, 68
Cussewago formation, 309
Cuttle fishes, 225, 531-533
Cuyahoga formation, 335
Cyathocrinus multibrachiatus, 337*
Cyathophyllum rugosum, 284*
Cyathospongia reiiculaia 240*
Cycads, 18, 27,* 29,* 47, 379, 3S5-3S1?, 432,* 433, 468, 472, 507, 514, 546, 549, 584,* 602 Age of, 454, 515 and climate, 443
Cycles, life, 447-452 sedimentary, 500
Cycloid scales in fishes, 291,* 297, 301
CycLonema humerosuyn, 242*
Cyclostomes, 47
Cymhospondylus, 475,* 476
Cmodontia, 418, 615,* 616
Cmthiana formation, 233
Cypresses, 20
Cypricardella bellistriata, 320*
Cyrtoceras, 228, 236*
Cyrtolites ornatus, 242*
Cystids, 19, 47, 240*
Cystiphyllum vesiculosuni, 320*
Cytodes, 8, 47
Cytoplasm, 7
Dakota formation, 508, 537, 544, 558
Dalmanella testudinaria, 240*
Dana, J. D , 137*
Danian of Europe, 537, 572
Daonella dvibia, 477*
Darwin, Charles, 38,* 40, 89
Darwinism, 49
Davis Strait, 61
Dawson, Sir TVilliam, 315*
Day Point formation, 233
De Chelly sandstone, 470,* 472
[ p. 700 ]
Dead seas, 436
Death Valley, 61
Deccan traps, 572
Decomposition, bacterial, 254, 390
Deep River formation, 590, 599 sea oozes, 58
Deeps, oceanic, 64
Deer, 622, 623, 654
Deiphon forhesi, 270*
Del Rio formation, 573
Delaware formation, 421
Deltas, 81, 241, 310, 311,* 313,* 314, 316, 325, 354, 594, 604
Deluge, 23, 647
Denison formation, 537, 541
Denudation, rate of, 104
Denver formation, 537
Deposition, rate of, 104
Deposits; see Sediments continental, see Continental deposits fresh-water, see Fresh-water deposits
Des Moines formation, 353
Desert areas of seas, 85 dust, 72
sands, 196, 326, 441, 470*
Deserts, American, 277, 280, 465,* 469-472, 506, 604, 608 and climates, 438-452
Devonian, 101, 105, 262, 306-332 climate, 327-329 deltas, 310-311, 316 disturbances, 314-318 emergences, 315 fresh-water deposits, 324-327 life, 318-331 orogeny, 316-318 paleogeography, 313,* 317* plants, 327-330 submergences, 314 volcanoes, 316 I
DiadecteSy 435
Diagenesis, 86
Diaphorostoma niagarense, 270*
Diapsida, 582
Diasparactus zenos, 413*
Diastems, 97
Diastrophism, 2, 4, 90, 92, 95, 98, 135-142, 243, 338, 343, 351, 367-369
Diatom ooze, 69,* 71,* 72
Diatoms, 28, 69,* 599
Diatryma, 597
Dihelodon, 644
Dibranchiata, 228, 531
Diceratheres, 636,* 637
Dictyonema, 234*
Dictyospongidie, 323*
Didelphia, 615
Didymograptus, 234
Diellisma hovidens, 365*
DikellocephalnS, 203
Diluvium, 647
Dimetrodon, 413,* 435
Dinantian of Europe, 333
DinichihyS, 300,* 301
Dinocephalia, 417
Dinoflagellata, 155*
Dinokyus, 622
Dinornis maximus, 587
Dinorthis suhquadrata 240*
Dinosaurs, 412, 468. 474, 479-498, 507,* 516, 551, 552, 564, 576, 577-578 ancestors of, 495 armored, 487-489 brains of, 494 carnivorous, 577 duck-billed, 485,* 486-487, 577 eggs of, 494 extinction of, 497-498, 556, 578, 580 mummified, 486 relation of, to birds, 496 tracks of, 462,* 473,* 474,* 479, 480*
Dinofheriumy 642*
Dipleura dekayi, 322*
Dipleurula, 47
DipLocynodon, 516*
Dipiodocus, 483,* 486, 516
DiplograptuS, 234,* 240*
Dipnoans, 19, 47, 293, 298-300, 331
Diptera, 515*
Dipterus valendennesi, 295*
Disconformities, 97, 99, 167, 179, 265,* 308,* 558,* 561*
Dismal Swamp, 398
Dispersal centers of organisms, 44
Disturbances, 93, 204-205, 243, 277278, 314-318, 325, 343, 344, 445,* 503, 544
[ p. 701 ]
Dockum formation, 471
Dcedicurus, 665*
Dogger Bank, 82 of Europe, 500, 502
Dogs, 620, 622, 623, 687
Dolichosoma, 360*
Dolomite, 85, 229, 235, 442
Dolores formation, 471
Domatoceras militarium, 366*
Domes and petroleum, 257
Domestic animals, origin of, 687
Dorian series, 102, 161, 162
DorycordaiteS, 381*
Dorypyge curticeiy 201*
Double breathing, origin of, 303-304 Mt. formation, 421
Douglas formation, 353
Downton Castle sandstone, 262
Dragon-flies, 378, 433, 515
Dragons, see Pterosaurs
Drainage, present, origin of, 423, 544, 655
DrepanaspiS, 296
Dresbach formation, 197
Drills, 21, 224
Dromatherium, 463, 475*
Dromopus, 342
Dromosauria, 417
Dryas flora, 658
Dryolestes, 516*
DryopithecuSy 672
Duck Creek formation, 537
Dunes, 327, 441, 442, 469
Dunkard formation, 353, 398,* 423
Dunkirk formation, 309
Durness limestone, 235
Dust, desert, 72
Dwyka series, 429
Dyestone formation, 266, 279
Eagle Ford formation, 535, 537, 573 formation, 537 Pass formation, 562
Ear-drum in lower vertebrates, 408, 414
Earth, age of, 103-106 before geologic time, 127-134 crust of, 120,* 128-131, 146, 150 molten, 123, 125, 128, 132
Earth, nife zone of, 128 origin, Chamberlin - Moulton theory of, 118-125 Kant’s theorj- of, 118-120 Laplacian theory of, 118 planetoidal theory of, 125-126 shrinkage, 125 sial zone of, 128
Earthworms, 331
Eastport series, 266
Eatonia jnedialisy 321*
Eau Claire formation, 197
Eccyliopterus triangulus, 236*
Echidnay 475, 616
Echinids, 19, 21, 337,* 345, 346, 347, 520, 552, 563
Echinoderma, 13,* 19, 21, 345-350
Economic products, see Coal, Petroleum, etc.
Eden formation, 231,* 233, 241, 257* Edentates, 616, 618, 623
EdgewxK)d formation, 264, 273* Edwards formation, 535, 537
Edwardsia heautempsiy 286*
Eels, 21
Egg-laying mammals, 516
Eggs, fossil, 494, 582 of mammals, 415* of reptiles, 412, 414-415, 494
Elaacrinus vemeuiliy 320* Elasmobranchii, 293-294
Elasmosaurusy 559,* 578
Elephants, 600, 640-646, 652, 654, 664, 687 brain of, 640
ElephaSy 641,* 644 columbiy 643,* 664 imperaioTy 643,* 654, 664 primigmius, 30, 643,* 645, 652, 653, 664
Eleutherozoa, 345
EUiptocephala zone, 191
Embayments, 138, 139*
Embiyology, 11, 14, 46, 155-157, 672673
Emergences, 92, 192, 235, 243, 315, 423, 467, 502-503, 546-547, 563565, 567-570 and climate, 445*, 660
Eminence formation, 197
Emscherian of Europe, 537
[ p. 702 ]
Endoceras, 227
Endoihyra haileyi, 337*
English Channel, origin of, 658
Enid formation, 421
Entelodonts, 619, 620, 622
Environment, evolution of, 4, 91, 94 fitness of, 130 geologic, 43852 influence of, on organisms, 22, 24, 42
Eoanthropus, 672,* 677,* 678-680, 689
Eocene, 23, 100, 589, 590, 592, 594, 597-598, 600, 602, 604, 610, 611, 618, 626 -Cretaceous boimdarj’, 561,* 563 lava flows, 610 mammals, 619 paleogeography, 593* tillites, 565, 574, 602
Eocretaceous, 538
Eodiacus speciosus, 189*
Eogene, duration of, 105
Eokippus, 619, 625,* 626,* 627,* 629, 630
Eolithie industry, 653,* 673
Eo-Paleozoic, 278
Eophrynus pretwichii, 363*
Eotitanops, 633, 634*
Eotomaria (?) ccussiTia, 236* supradugulaia, 242*
Eozoic, 103, 133-134
Eozoon, 148, 152
Ep-Algoman Interval, 98, 102, 161
Ep-Archeozoic Interval, 98, 102, 145, 150
Epeiric seas, 75, 77,* 78, 193,* 195,* 231,* 238,* 273,* 313,* 317,* 355,* 423, 425,* 465,* 505,* 511,* 539,* 557 * 593* Epeirogeny, 140
EpihippuSf 630*
Epi-Mesozoic Interval, 98, 100
Epi-Paleozoic Interval, 98, 101
Epi-Proterozoic Interval, 98, 102, 160, 179-181
Epi-Silurian Interval, 98
Epochs, 93
Equidae, see Horses Equiseium, 380
Equus, 625,* 627,* 630,* 631, 664 £kas, 90, 100, 144
Erian flora, 315
period, 307, 309 ,
Erie plain, 268*
Eris, 61, 277, 314, 315-316, 329, 361, 435,* 555,* 598, 599, 602, 609,* 610, 621
Erosion, evidence of, as to time, 97 total amount of, 54, 133
Eruptions, submarine, 466
ErymO, 521*
Eryops, 411, 521*
Escondido formation, 537, 561*
Esopus group, 309
Ethiopis, 56, 555*
Eubleptus danielsiy 363*
Euhrontes giganteuSf 480*
Eucamus ovalis, 363*
Eucalyptocrinus crasstiS, 270*
Euphemus carbonarius, 365*
Euiypterids, 19, 47, 203, 271, 274, 276,* 326,* 454
Eusarcus scorpionis, 276*
Eustachian tube in Amphibia, 408
Eustatic movements, 65, 97
Eusthenopterori, 298
Eutaw formation, 537
Eutheria, 615
Everest, Mt., 53
Evergreens, 20, 386-387
Evolution, organic, 24, 25, 36, 79, 89, 92
expansive, 448 irreversible, 46 restrictive, 448 will in, 49, 50
Exogyra costaia 575*
Extinction, 11, 448, 450, 497-98, 556, 579-580
Facies fossils, 25
Families, 15
Fanglomerates, 461
Fault-troughs, Triassic, 457, 464
Faults in oil accumulation, 259*
Faunas, cosmopolitan, 79, 271, 318, 364 dispersal of, by currents, 68 dwarf, 341 extinction of, 448
[ p. 703 ]
Faunas, mixed, 327 oolite, 341 recurrent, 95 relic, 76
Favosites, 270 * 275, 285,* 286
Feather-stars, 21, 348
Feathers, fossil, 582, 583
Feldspars and climate, 441
Fern Glen formation, 335 “Fern ledges,” 356
Fern-like plants, 374*
Ferns, 17,* 18, 329, 376,* 379, 380, 472, 514, 546, 549, 602 seed-, 18, 385 tree-, 18, 360,* 374,* 380, 433, 443, 472, 507,* 614, 573
Figs, 573, 577, 598
Fin-backed lizards, 416
Fins, 289,* 290, 301-303
Fire-clays, 372, 396 making by man, 681, 688
Fish lizards, 475,* 559*
Fishes, 13,* 19, 21, 210, 289-305, 324, 330-331, 449, 520, 598
Age of, 101 air-breathing, 298-300 armored, 296,* 300-301 bony, 301 cartilaginous, 293 classification of, 293 enamel-scaled, 297-298 first, 232, 239, 274 gristle, see ElaTmjbranckii Flagellata, 47, 155*
FHes, 515,* 600
FHght, 526, 582, 585, 586
Flints, 87 and man, 673, 683, 684
Floods, see Submergeces Floras, 17, 68, 100, 101, 307, 328, 359, 360,* 373-388, 432, 448, 454, 514, 544, 549, 577, 601
Florida in Cenozoic, 599
Florissant, Colo., insect beds, 600
Flowering Plants, Age of, 100
Flowers, importance of, 375, 550
Fluviatile deposits, 327
Flysch formation, 611
Foetus in mammals, 415*
Footprints, amphibian, 331,* 461, 473,* 474*
Foraminifera, 19. 20, 68,* 72, 86, 175, 306, 443, 536,* 563, 597* Forhcdocrinm wortherii, 337* Foredeeps, 64
Foreshore, SO Forests, first, 327-330
Formations, SS, 93
Formative eras, 103
Fort Payne formation, 335
Scott formation, 353
Union formation* 100, 537, 564, 565, 567, 56S, 569,* 574, 579, 597, 602, 603
Worth formation, 537
Fossil Forest, Yellowstone Park, 607* record, imperfection of, 37
Fossils, 22-35 absence of, in salt beds, 436 ancient views of, 22, 529 aragonite, 28 as climatic indicators, 25, 443 as geologic time markers, 22, 24. 94, 95 calcite, 28 defined, 22 first abundance of, 183, 186 guide, 25 in sandstones, 82 permineralized, 30
Fox Hills formation, 537, 557,* 564, 565, 573
Fragmenting of continents, 57, 59, 141,* 160, 510, 572, 609,* 610
Franciscan series, 504
Franconian formation, 197
Franconian of Europe, 456
Frankfort formation, 233
Franklinic geosj’ncline, 136, 139,* 158, 159,* 195,* 231,* 273,* 313,* 355,* 465*
Fredericksburg formation, 537, 538, 539*
Freeport formation, 353
Fresh-water deposits, 324-327, 355,* 505,* 506, 539,* 543-546, 557,* 593** 596 life, 362, 473
Frogs, 19, 21, 405, 406,* 408, 516
Fruitland formation, 537
Fruits and mammals, 550
[ p. 704 ]
Fuson formation, 537, 544
Fusulinids, 365,* 366*
Galaxy, 107-126
Galena formation, 233, 245
Gamache formation, 231, 233
Gangamopteris flora, 420, 430, 432-433
Ganoids, 19, 47, 291,* 293, 297-29S, 330, 473, 520, 580
Gardeau formation, 309
Gar-pike, 291,* 298
Gas, natural, 244, 247-260
Gasconade formation, 197
Gasoline, 248
Gaspé delta, 314 overthrust, 244
Gastraea theory of Haeckel, 157
Gastropods, 19, 21, 189,* 190, 199, 201,* 203, 223-225, 236,* 242,* 270,* 362, 365,* 521, 661, 575*
Gastnila, 19, 47, 155,* 157
Gault of Europe, 537, 542, 547
Geanticlines, 140-142, 241, 257,* 264, 344
Genera, 14, 15
Genesee formation, 309, 313*
Genesis, 103
Geocratie times, 95, 455, 457, 501
Geologic clock, 105*
record, imperfection of, 1, 184, 202
time markers, 3, 22 time table, 88-103
Geology, time terms in, 90
Geosynclines, 58, 96, 135-138, 139,* 158, 159,* 193,* 195,* 231,* 238,* 273,* 313,* 317,* 355,* 425,* 465,* 505,* 506, 509, 539,* 543, 551,* 593* German Middle Mts.* 344
Germanic phase of Triassic, 455
Giants, rise of, 449
Giant’s Range granite, 102
Gibb, Hugh, 488*
Gibbons, 669
Gibraltar man, 681
Gigandipus caudatus, 480*
[ p. 484 ]
Gilliam formation, 421
Gills, 290, 303-304, 405, 406,* 674
Gilsonite, 253
Gingkos, 379, 381,* 387, 514
Giraffe-camel, 631*
Girardeau formation, 264, 273*
Glacial climates, see Climates, glacial epoch, 100, 647-666
Glass-sponges, 28, 199,* 323* Glauconite, 566, 592
Glen Park formation, 335
Glen Rose formation, 537, 539*
Glenn formation, 353
Glens Falls formation, 233
Globigerina, 68,* 536*
Globigerina ooze, 68, 71,* 72, 87, 535
Glossopteris flora, 432-433
Glyphioceras indsum, 366*
Glyptocrimts dyeri, 240*
GlyTJtodonts, 623, 654, 665*
Goats, 622, 687
Gold, 171, 510, 581, 682, 684 Belt series, 503
Gomphotherium, 641,* 644, 645
Gondwana, 430, 432, 435,* 510, 538, 547-548, 610
Goniatites, 322,* 323, 337,* 340, 366,* 530
Goniograpius postremiis, 236* Goniophora carinata, 320*
Goodwin formation, 197
Gorilla, 669, 670, 672
Gosport formation, 590
Gowanda formation, 309
Gradational stage in earth origin, 124
Grahamite, 253
Grammysia bisulcata, 320*
Granatocrinus leda, 320*
Grand Canyon of the Colorado, Frontispiece, 106, 149, 167, 168,* 608
Revolution, 168
Graneros formation, 537
Granite, results of decomposition of, 85
Graphite, 149, 253
Graptohtes, 203, 233, 234,* 236,* 240,* 454
Grasses, 577, 600, 601, 621
Grasshopi>ers, Jurassic, 515
Gravitation, law of, 118
[ p. 705 ]
Great Basin desefts, 608 Britain, coal in, 401 Lakes, 76, 655-656 Plains in Cenozoic, 606 Valley of California, 459, 509
Green Mts. Disturbance, 204-205, 445* River ’ formation, 582, 590, 597, 598, 602, 613
Greenbrier formation, 335
Greenhorn formation, 537
Greenland ice sheet, 650, 651* Greensands, 526, 537, 592
Grenville series, 102, 145, 148, 149, 161
Greyson shales, 176
Grimaldi man, 682
Ground sloths, 595, 623, 665,* 666
Growth, organic, 10
Gryphcea, 540, 541,* 552
Guadalupian epoch, 101, 421
Guanaco, 631*
Guelph formation, 264, 271
Guianis, 55,* 56
Guide fossils, 25
Gulf of California, 61, 604 of Mexico, 62, 554, 556, 562, 571 of St. Lawrence, 75, 604 series, 537
Gun River formation, 264
Gymnosperms, 17,* 18, 20, 379, 384r387
Gymnotoceras russelll, 477*
Gypidula coeymamensis, 321*
Gypsum, 422, 435, 442
Gyroceras, 228
Habitats, 24, 42, 616
Ehemoglobin, 303
Hail, James, 137*
Halysites, 270,* 275, 286
Hamilton time, 309, 314
Hamites rotundus, 576*
Hardgrave formation, 502, 505*
Harrington formation, 356
Harrison formation, 599
Hastings series, 162
Hatcher, J. B., 493*
Hauterivian of Europe, 537
Hawaiian Islands, origin of, 548-549
Hayden, F. V., 493*
Hayfield formation, 309
Heart-urchins, 346, 347,* 520, 552
Hehertella siniMta, 240*
Hector formation, 167*
Heidelberg man, 678,* 679-680
Helderbergian series, 309
Helicotoma plariulaioides, 242* Heliophyllum halli, 284,* 320*
Helix, 577
Helniinthoidichnites meehi, 178* Helvetian of Europe, 590
Hemene, Jurassic, 500
Hemispheres, 52,* 55,* 57*
Herbs, origin of, 552
Heredity, 38
Hermann, Adam, 493*
Hesperopithecus, 623
HesperorniS, 45, 559,* 579,* 585
Hess formation, 421
Heteroceras, 575,* 576
Heterospores, 382
Hettangian of Europe, 502
Hexacoralla, 287, 478, 513,* 520
Hils formation, 537
Himalaya Mts., 611
Hinchman tuff, 502
HippariGTi, 630*
Hippidium, 630*
Hippopotamus, 617,* 652, 653
Hippurites radiosus, 574* Histometabasis, 31
Historical Geologj", 1, 88
Hoatzin, 584
Holarctis, 61, 555,* 598
Holmia beds, Norway, 174
Holmia hroggeri, 189*
Holoptychim, 291,* 298
Holothurians, 286
Homalonotus, 319*
Homo heidelbergensiS, 653* primigenius, 653,* 680-681 rkodesiensis, 681
sapiens, 653,* 672, 682-684, 688
Homologous structures in animals, 45
Hoofed mammals, 616, 619, 620
Hormotoma gracilis, 242*
Horn, nature of, 30
Hornea, 329, 330*
Horses, 45, 620, 621, 622, 623, 624631, 652, 654, 664, 680, 682,687
[ p. 706 ]
Horseshoe-crabs, 21, 203
Horsetails, 17,* 18
Horsetown formation, 537, 539,* 542, 543, 546, 566
Horsts, 457
Horton formation, 338, 339, 369
Hosselkus formation, 456
Hot-earth theory of Laplace, 120
Hoyt formation, 197
Hudson Bay, 75, 165, 656
Hueco formation, 421
Hueconian epoch, 101
Huenella texana, 201*
Hughmilleria socialis, 276*
Human evolution, 667-689
Huron formation, 309 plain, 268*
Huronian series, 102, 144, 161, 163 tillites, 171-173
Hustedia mormoni, 365*
Hutton, James, 89
Huxley, T. H., 41*
Hyattidina congesta, 270*
Hydra, 9,* 283*
Hydraulic pressure in rocks, 257
Hydrocarbons, natural, 247-260
Hydrogen, 114, 130
Hydroids, 19, 47, 155,* 157
Hydrosphere, 3, 52, 129, 153-156
Hydrospheric time, 103, 124
Hydrostatic pressure in rocks, 255
H3’drula, 47
Hydithes, 189,* 190, 201*
Hypohippus, 630*
HjTwtheria, 615,* 616
Hyrachyvjs, 636, 638*
Hyracatherium, 627,* 629, 638
Ice Age, 647—666
sheets, 650, 651,* 652, 655, 656 ore, in Cretaceous, 573
IcJiihyomis, 559,* 585
Ichthyosaurs, 506, 517, 518, 519,* 559,* 578
Igneous rocks, 4, 61, 367, 458,* 459,* 603
Iguanodons, 486, 496,* 551,* 552 lllceniirus, 203 ioxus, 271*
Hlinoian glacial epoch, 653,* 654
Imprints, 31, 33
India, tillites in, 174, 175, 429
Indian Ocean, 59, 60, 62, 554, 572
Individuals, wastage of, 36
Indo-Pacific fauna, 543
Inheritance of acquired characters, 39
Ink jSshes, 531-533
Tnoceramus, 561, 575*
Inorganic matter, nature of, 5
Insectivores, 615,* 616, 618, 619
Insects, 19, 21, 47, 361-362, 363,* 378, 433Ht34, 454, 473, 512, 515, 550, 577, 600, 601
Interdependence, organic, 450
Interglacial warm climates, 652-654
Interior Lowlands in Cenozoic, 605
Intertidal region, 80
Intervals, 66, 98, 100, 101, 102, 145, 150, 160, 161, 179-181
Invertebrates, 19, 47, 476, 520, 541, 552-553, 576-577 Age of, 101, 144
Iowan glacial stage, 654 series, 335
Iron, Age of, 102, 158, 684 and man, 682 bacteria, 165 ore, 164-165, 245, 278, 371 bog, 372 oolitic, 278 pyrite concretions, 87 -stone, clay, 372
Irritability, 6
“Island universes,” 110, 123
Islands, oceanic, 548
Isostasy, 61, 132
Isotelus iowensis, 242*
Isotherms, 440*
Ithaca formation, 309
Jabi formation of India, 421
Jackfork formation, 343, 353, 357, 35S
Jackson formation, 590
Jacksonville formation, 590
Japan, greater, 59
Java man, see Pithecanthropus
Jeans, theory of solar origin of, 121122
[ p. 707 ]
Jefly-fishes, 30, 157, 190, 203
Jewe formation, 233
Joannites nevadanus, 477*
Joggins series, 356, 369, 399-401
John Day formation, 590, 599
Jordan formation, 197
Judith River formation, 537
Juniata formation, 233, 241
Jupiter, 120,* 121
Jurassic, 100, 105, 499-522 climate, 512-514 emergence, 502-503 life, 501, 514-522 orogeny, 509-510 paleogeography, 505,* 511* submergences, 503-506
Juvenile water, 65, 181
Kalabagh formation of India, 421
Kanab formation, 466, 472
Kanawha fonnation, 353
Eanimbla Mts., 318
Kankakee axis, 139*
Kansan glacial epoch, 653,* 654
Kansas City formation, 353
Kant, nebidar hypothesis of, 118-120
Klamian of Europe, 456
Karoo dolerites, 512
Kato formation, 568
Katta formation of India, 421
Keewatin ice-sheet, 650, 651,* 652, 655, 656
series, 102, 145, 146, 148, 150, 164
Kenai formation, 596
Keokuk formation, 335, 338, 341
Keraterpeion, 360*
Keratin, 30
Keuperian of Europe, 455, 456
Keweenawan series, 102, 160, 164, 169171, 197
Keys, Jurassic, 520*
Kiamitia formation, 535, 537
Killamean granite, 102
Killamey Revolution, 102, 160, 193,* *194, 197, 237
Einnneridgian time, 502, 505* Kinderhook formation, 335, 336
Kingdoms, 15
Kiowa fonnation, 537, 541, 558
I Kirtland formation, 537
Kittanning formation, 353, 392* Klamath Mts., 565 Knife Lake slates, 102
Knoxville formation, 503, 537, 542, 543, 546
Kome formation, 539,* 545
Kootenai formation, 536, 537, 539,* 543-544
Kriiosaurus, 487
Kundghat formation of India, 421
Kungur of Europe, 421
La Plata sandstone, 472
Labidosaurus, 435
Labrador Mts., 151
Labradorean ice-sheet, 650, 651,* 652
LabjTinthodonts, 410
Ladinian of Europe, 456
Lake Agassiz, 656 Champlain, 76 Chicago, 656 Njassa, as rift valley, 573 Saginaw, 656 Superior geosjTiclme, 170 sandstones, 197 Tanganyika, as rift valley, 573 Whittlesey, 656
Lakemont formation, 264
Lakes, Pleistocene, 605 relic, 76
Lakota formation, 537, 544
Lamarck, 39*
Lamarckism, 49
Lamellibranchia, 19, 47, 199, 220, 221223, 242,* 320,* 365,* 477,* 504,* 518,* 542,* 552, 561, 575,* 601
Laminarian zone, 82
Lamp shells, see Brcudiiopods Lamprey, 291*
Lance formation, 100, 537, 560, 563, 564, 565, 5, 578, 579
Lancelets, 19, 47
Land animals, fiit, 263, 274
bridges, U?4, 447, 539,* 557,* 569,* 593,* 594, 596, 600, 661, 685 floras, 17, 334, 342, 359, 373-388, 601
[ p. 708 ]
Land hemisphere, 52* life, entombment of, 324 mean elevation of, 53-54 plants, first, 16, 263, 274, 329 reptiles, 434-435, 515 snails, 362, 577 vertebrates, 362, 405-418
Lansing formation, 353
Laplacian theory of earth origin, 118, 120, 444, 655
Laramide Eevolution, 100, 445,* 561, 567-568, 574, 603, 611, 628, 660
Laramie formation, 526, 537, 560, 573, 602
Larvae in oceans, 68
Larval Life, Age of, 102
Lassen, Mt., 606
Laterites, 442
LatornoeandTa serialli, 513*
Lattorfian of Europe, 590
Laurel formation, 264
Laurentian peneplain, 151,* 152, 160 Revolution, 102, 145, 149 series, 143, 145, 150, 161, 162 Upland, 605
Laurentis, 315, 555,* 610
Lauzon formation, 205
Lava flows, 554, 572, 610
Law of the unspecialized, 450 of uniformity, 89
LeConte, Joseph, 137*
Leda hdlistriaia, 365*
Leidy, Joseph, 493*
LeiorhynchuS, 340
Lemuris, 56, 57,* 59, 555,* 572, 610
Lemurs, 615*, 616, 618, 619, 669, 671
Leonard formation, 421
Leonids, 118
Lepadocrinus moorei, 240* Lepidodendron, 338,* 361, 374,* 377,* 383, 392, 433
Lepidophytes, 18, 47, 378, 382-384
Lepidosiren, 299
Lepidosteus, 291,* 303
LepidostrobuS, 377*
Leptosna rhxmibmdaliS, 240*
Leray formation, 233
Levels, eustatic, 97
Levis shales, 234
Lewis formation, 537
I Lias, 499, 502, 503, 504, 512, 660
Life; see also under different periods ! consuming class of, 73 cycles, 10, 42, 447-452 dependent, 186 dispersal of, by ocean currents, 68 duration of, 10, 41 effect of climate on, 438-452 larval, Age of, 144 origin of, 6, 133-134 pelagic, 36, 72 primal, 133-134, 153-157, 185 producing class of, 73 provinces, 187, 233, 269, 318 thermometers, fossils as, 443, 446 tree of, 13,* 14 unicellular, dawn of, 103 web of, 40, 450
Light penetration in oceans, 69 rate of travel of, 110 years, 110
Lignites, 393, 596 *
Lima spur, 244
Limacodites mesozoicms, 515*
Limbs, origin of, 301-303
Lime secretion in animals, 177, 180
Limestones, 33, 85, 229, 235, 245, 271, 620,* 522
and climate, 442, 454* as index of geologic time, 105
LimnosceliSy 413,* 418
Limulids, 47, 203
Lingnla, 12, 218
LinyuMla, 202
LingtdepiS, 201* 203
Linnaeus, 15, 37
Linton formation, 353
Linton, Ohio, coal bed, 364, 392
Lions, 652, 653
Lipalian Interval, 66, 102, 160, 179-181 oceans, 181
Lisbon formation, 590
Lithic era, 103, 129
Lithographic Ihnestones, 520,* 522
Lithosphere, 52, 53, 61, 128
Lithospheric time, 103
Little Falls formation, 197
Littoral, 81
Littorina sea, 659
Lizards, 19, 412, 416, 479, 601
Llamas, 622, 623, 632, 662, 664
[ p. 709 ]
liandeilo of Europe, 233
Llandovery of Europe, 264
Llano orogeny, 166 series, 165
Llanoris, 139,* 140, 357, 368, 369, 370, 426 Mts., 343
Lobsters, 21, 478, 521*
Lockatong formation, 456
Lockport formation, 264, 267,* 268,* 273*
Loess, 659 and climate, 442
Logan formation, 335 sea, 501, 504-506 Sir William, 143*
Loganian series, 102
Loganograptus loganif 236*
“Logan’s line,” 604
Longmeadow sandstone, 461
Lorraine formation, 231,* 233 “Lost times,” 98
Louisiana formation, 335
Louisville formation, 264
Loup Fork formation, 599, 600
Lower Cambrian, see Cambrian Cretaceous, see Cretaceous Silurian system, 261
Lowville formation, 233
LtKCodon, 644
Loxomrm, 360*
Ludian of Europe, 590
Ludlow formation, 537 of Europe, 262, 264
Lung-fishes, 19, 295,* 296,* 298-300, 330, 473, 520
Limgs, evolution of, 303-304, 405, 406408
Lutetian of Europe, 590
Lyckholm formation, 233
Lycopodium, 382
Lycopods, 17,* 18, 327, 328,* 378, 382384
Lyell, Sir Charles, 588*
Lykens formation, 353
McAlester formation, 353
McBean formation, 590
McCarthy formation, 467
McCloud formation, 421
McElmo sandstone, 472
Mackemia cosialis, 286*
McKenzie formation, 264
Madurites, 236*
Macrospores, 377*
MacrotoBniopteris, 463*
Madagascar, greater, 59
Madison formation, 197, 335, 336
Maestrichtian, 537
Magdalenian man, 684-685
Magellania Jlavescens, 217*
Magnolias, 443, 549, 577, 602
Magothy formation, 537
Maidenhair trees, see Gingkos Malm of Europe, 500, 502
Mammals, 13,* 19, 21, 47, 449, 576. 579, 614-623 Age of, 100, 600, 614 archaic, see Archaic mammals brain in, 614, 617, 629, 640 egg-lajing, 474-475, 615,* 618 eggs of, 415* fruits and, 550 hoofed, 616, 619, 620 placental, 19, 615, 616 progenitors of, 418 reptilian, 474-475 South American, 623
Mammoth, 30, 643,* 645, 652, 653, 654, 664, 680, 683* Cave, 339
Mammut americanum, 643,* 644, 664
Man, 19, 615,* 616, 646, 667-689 Age of, 100 appendix in, 45 birthplace of, 612, 687 brain of, evolution of, 670-671 embryology of, 672-673 future progress of, 688-689 in North America, 685-687 line of descent of, 47, 48
Manasquan formation, 537
Manatee, 616, 652
Mancos formation, 537
Manlius group, 262, 309
Manticoceras oxy, 322*
Marattiales, 380
Marble Fails formation, 353, 355* Mareellus group, 309
Mariacrinus, 319*
[ p. 710 ]
Marianna formation, 590
Marion formation, 421, 424
Mariposa formation, 502, 504
Marls, 592
Marsh, 0. C., 493*
Marsupials, 19, 615,* 616, 618
Martinez formation, 590
Martinsburg formation, 263* Mastodon, 622, 623, 641,* 654, 664
American, 643,* 644, 664 and man, 686 evolution of, 640-646
Matawan formation, 537
Matter, evolution of, 5-6
Matterhorn, 610
Mauch Chunk formation, 335, 339, 342 343
Maxville formation, 335
May-flies, Permian, 433
Maysville formation, 230. 233, 241
Mazomanie formation, 197
Mechanical genesis, 39
Mecochirus, 521*
Aledals of creation, ” 24
Medieval time, 453-454
Medina formation, 264, 265,* 268* Mediterraneans, 62, 430
Medusae, 30, 47, 155,* 190
Meekoceras gracilitclliS, 477* Meekoceras time, 465*
MegalonyXy 654, 666
Meganos formation, 590
Megaphyton, 376*
Megatheriuni, 654, 665,* 666
Melonechinus, 337,* 341, 347*
Mendip Mts., 367
Mendota formation. 197
Mentality, dominance of, 100 evolution of, 52, 304, 614, 617 in horses, 629
Mentor formation, 537, 558
Meramecian formation, 335
Merced formation, 590
Mercer formation, 353
Mercurj’, 120*
MerriXy 222 *
Meristella IceviS, 321*
MerychippuS, 630
Mesaverde formation, 537
Mesocretaceous, 538
MeaokippuSf 627,* 630
Mesosaurus, 422
Mesozoic, 100, 105, 453-454 floods, 96 insects, 454
Metabolism, 10
Metals, first use of, 682, 684-685
Meiatnynodon 638
Metaphyta, 7, 17,* 157
Metazoa, 7, 19, 20, 157
Meteors, 115-118
Metopolichds hrevicepS, 270*
Mexican geosyncline, 505,* 508-509, 536, 539,* 551,* 556, 561
Michigan coal field, 401
Micrococcus, 8, 47, 177
Microconodon, 463
Micromitra, 202
Alicrosaurs, 360,* 364, 434
Microspores, 377*
Mid-Continent oil field, 358
Middle Cambrian, see Cambrian Midway formation, 561,* 590, 593*
Migration of faunas, 95 of mammals, 618, 619, 620, 622, 623 of man, 682, 684 of petroleum, 256, 257-258 of Proboscidea, 645-646
Milky Way, 108, 110, 111, 113
Millsap formation, 353
Millstone Grit, 369
Mind in evolution, 50 rise of, 4, 48
Mindel glacial stage, 653,* 654
Mineral oils, see Petroleum wealth, 247-260, 403
Miocene, 23, 100, 589, 590, 592, 594, 595, 599-600, 602, 603, 604, 606, 609, 610, 611, 612, 628 climate, 600 mammals, 620-622 paleogeography, 593*
Mississippi delta, 594
River, origin of, 571
Mississippian, 101, 105, 333-344 climate, 343 diastrophism, 338, 343-344 life, 340-342
Missouri formation, 353
Modiolopsis modiolaris, 242* Modiomorpha concmtrica, 320*
[ p. 711 ]
Moenkopi formation, 466, 472
MoBritherium, 641,* 642, 644
Mobawkian emergence, 239 series, 233
Molds of fossils, IS, 30, 31,* 32,* 33
Molluscoidea, 21
Molluscs, 13,* 19, 21, 29, 46, 219-228, 242,* 521, 575,* 599, 601
Moment of momentum, law of constancy of, 121
Monkeys, 615,* 616, 619, 670, 672
Monmouth formation, 537
Monocloniiis flexuSf 485*
Monodelphia, 615
Monomorella noveboracum, 270*
Monongahelan formation, 101, 353, 361, 398*
Monoplewra, 541, 542*
Monotremes, 19, 615*
Monroan series, 264
Mons formation, 197
Montana series, 537, 562, 563, 565
Monteregian hills, 316
Monterey formation, 590
Montian of Europe, 537
Moon, 120,* 132
Moons of planets, 120,* 121
Moraines, 444-446
Mormon formation, 502
Morphology, 44
Morrison formation, 502, 505,* 506508, 516,* 526, 544, 577
Morrow formation, 353, 355,* 357, 358
Mortality in Cretaceous, 579-580
Mosasaurs, 578*
Moscovian of Europe, 353, 370* Moss-like animals, 21 plants, 18
Mother-of-pearl, 29, 30
Mt. Simon formation, 197
Mt. Whyte formation, 194
Mountain making, see Orogeny
Mountains and climate, 445* origin of, 135-142, 186 wearing away of, 2, 104
Mousterian man, 676,* 680-681
Movements, epeirogenic, 97 eustatic, 65
Mud bottoms in seas, 84 cracking, 80 puppies, 405, 407,* 409
Mudge, B. F., 493*
Muds, 70, 71,* 73 sun-cracking in, SO Mudstones, amount of, 85
Multituberculata, 475, 615,* 616
Murchison, R. I., 261*
Muschelkalk of Europe, 455, 456, 526
Muscular activity, 9, 10
Musk-oxen, 447, 652, 654, 664
Mya, 222 *
Myalina suhquadraia, 365*
Mylodons, 654, 666
Myriapods, 19, 47, 275, 362
Mystriosuchus, 468,* 474
Nacre, 30
NaiaditeSf 362
Naknek formation, 502
Namurian of Europe, 353
Naosaurus, 435
Naphtha, 252
Naples formation, 309
Narmia, 211
Nashville dome, 241
Natural gas, 244, 247-260 wax, 253
wealth of U. S., 404
Nautilids, 21, 225-228, 324, 529
Navarro formation, 537
Neandertal man, 671,* 674, 676,* 678,* 680-681, 682, 688
Nebraskan glacial stage, 654
Nebula, 107-110
Nebular hypothesis, 118-121
Nebulium, 108, 112
Necturus maculatus, 407*
Negative areas, 56 movements, 95
Nelsons volcano, 239
NeoceraiodiLs forsteriy 295*
Neocomian of Europe, 534, 535, 537 542
Neogene, 100, 105, 589, 590
Neolenus, 200, 211*
Neolithic man, 681-687
Neptune, 120,* 121
Nereis, 431*
Nervous activity, 9, 10
NevropteriSy 376*
[ p. 712 ]
Neutral area of North America, 139* Nevaclan-Sonoran region, 546*
Nevadia zone, 191
Nevadian Disturbance, 509, 542, 547
New Brunswick geanticline, 140, 141,* 243, 344
Bed sandstone, 306 Scotland group, 309, 313* Stone Age, men of, 681-687 York “standard section,” 184 Newark series, 457-464
Newfoundland ice sheet, 650, 651* Newland limestone, 158, 176
Newlandia, 165, 176*
Niagara cuesta, 268* Falls, 266, 268,* 656
Niagaran epoch, 101, 262, 264
Nickel-iron meteorites, 116-118 Keweenawan, 171
Nicola formation, 466
Nife zone of earth, 128
Niobrara formation, 526, 535, 537, 558,560
Nippanites, 529
NiSTisia, 202
Nitrogen, 66, 133
Nizina limestones, 467
Norian time, 456, 465*
North America, coal fields of, 401402
foundering of, 141* man in, 685-687 Sea, 75, 658
Northern Interior Plateaus, 546* Northumberlandic embajment, 138
Norway, tillites in, 174, 192, 232
Nosoni formation, 421
Nothomwnis, 476
Nova Scotia ice sheet, 650, 651* Scotis, 139*
Nov°, 115*
Nuclear lands, 55,* 149 stage of earth origin, 123
Nudeospira, 216* j
Nucleus of cells, 7, 9*
Nucula randalli, 320*
Nummidinay 597*
Nummulitic limestones, 610, 611
NummvXospermum, 433
Nunda formation, 309
Nuttall formation, 353
Oak Grove formation, 590
Obolella crassa, 189*
Obolus, 203
Ocala formation, 590
Ocean, universal, 52, 64
Oceanic basins, origin of, 103, 124, 125, 129-133 permanency of, 3, 56 circulation and climate, 67, 68, 447 era, 103, 129 level, 65, 181 oozes, 58, 70, 71* salt, source of, 66, 132-133
Oceanica, 53
Oceans, 52, 53, 62-73 depth of, 53, 64 fresh-water, 52 light penetration in, 69 overlaps of, 2, 64, 95, 591 596 plants in, 69 temperature of, 67 zones of, 63*
Ocoee series, 188, 193*
Octopus, 21, 225
Odontocephalus selenurus, 322*
Ogishke conglomerate, 102
Ogygites canadensis 242*
OgygopsiS, 200
Oil, see Petroleum
Ojo Alamo formation, 537, 577
Old age characters, 11 Red fishes, 291,* 330-331 sandstone, 261, 262, 306, 316, 324, 325 Stone Age, men of, 673-681
Olenellus thompsonll 189*
Olenellus zone, 191
OlenoideS, 200
Oligocene, 100, 589, 590, 592, 593,* 594, 595, 598-599, 600, 602, 606, 610, 611, 673 climate, 598 paleogeography, 593*
OljTnpic mts., 5
Onchus, 274
Oneonta formation, 309, 325
Oneota formation, 197
[ p. 713 ]
Onohippidiuni, 630*
Onondaga cuesta, 268* group, 308,* 309, 313*
Ontario trough, 149, 158, 159,* 161, 164
Ontario plain, 268*
Ontogeny, 14, 46, 155-157
Onyckocrinus Tamvlosm, 337*
Ooceras kirhyi, 236*
Oolite deposits, 82 faunas, 341 series of Europe, 499
Oolites and climate, 442
Oozes, oceanic, 58, 69,* 70, 71,* 72, 87, 535
Ophiacodon mirus, 413*
Ophileta, 236*
Orang, 672
Orbulina, 68,* 72
Orders, 15
Ordovician, 105, 232, 262; see also CMmplmnian Oregon mts., 568
Oregonian Disturbance, 547
Oreodonts, 619, 620, 621,* 622
Organic evolution, 22, 24, 25, 36, 37, 49, 89, 92 interdependence, 450 residues, petroleum, 26, 247-260 sediments, amount of, 85
Organisms, 5, 6, 8, 10, 44, 49, 157 barriers of, 43 cells of, 7, 9* classification of, 12, 15, 44 dispersal centers of, 44 geographic distribution of, 43 multicellular, 7, 10 preservable parts of, 28, 30, 321 prodigality of, 36 recapitulation in, 46 unicular, 7, 10
Organs, 8 use and disuse of, 39
Orion, 108, 111,* 112
Oriskanian series, 309
Orizaba, Mt., 606
Ornaments and man, 683, 684
Omithischia, 481, 496
OmitkolesteS, 482, 483*
Ornithopoda, 481, 486-487
OmiQmhyrkh 475
Orogeny, 244, 277, 316-318, 343-344, 367-369, 426-428, 509-510, 546-547, 567-570, 603-605, 608, 610 and climate, 445,* 661 periodic, 446
OrohippuS, 630*
Orthis iricenana, 240*
OrthoceraS, 227, 236*
Orthogenetic changes, 42
Orihonoia undulaia, 320*
Orthopoda, 481
Orthostoma liiuiJormiS, 236*
Osagian series, 335
Osborn, H. F., 493*
Osgood formation, 264
Ostolepis, 291,* 298
Ostracoderms, 239, 293, 294, 296-297, 331
Ostracods, 199, 203
Otozoum moodii, 474,* 480*
Ouachita Disturbance, 343
Ouachitic embayment, 138, 139* Ouralian of Europe, 353
Overlaps of oceans, 64, 566, 591-596
Overthrusts in Norway, 277
Owendta 201,* 203
Oxfordian of Europe, 502
Oxidation, Archeozoic, 156
Proterozoic, 158, 164
Oxydymenia undulata, 322* Oxydactylus, 631*
Oxjgen, 130-131, 133, 134, 153
Oysters, 21, 454, 520,* 521, 541,* 552, 575,* 601 and climate, 443
Ozark dome, 237
Ozarkian epoch, 101, 195,* 197
Ozokerite, 253
Ozone and climate, 662
Pachydisais seppenradmsis, 528* Pacific geosyncline, 138, 464, 466
Ocean, 62 overlaps of, 566, 595-596
System of mts., 511,* 569,* 603, 606 type of border, 59
Pal(B07mstodony 641,* 642, 644, 645
[ p. 714 ]
Pal€Bophonm nunciuSy 274* Palaosauropus, 342
Paleanthropus heiddhergensis, 680
Paleobiologj’, 14
Paleobotany, 14
Paleocene, 7, 564, 632 mammals, 618
Paleoclimatology 438-452
Paleodietyoptera, 12, 19, 363,* 433
Paleogene, 100, 589, 590
Paleogeography, 3, 92, 97, 192, 193*, 195,* 197, 231,* 238,* 273,* 313,* 317,* 355,* 425,* 431,* 465,* 505,* 511,* 539,* 555,* 557,* 569,* 593*
Paleoliths, 653,* 674, 677* Paleontology, 14, 24, 48
Paleozoic, 101, 105, 182-184 floods, 96
seas, vanishing of, 423 water in, 65
Paleozology, 14
Palisade Disturbance, 456, 463-464
Palisades, 456, 458,* 459, 460*
Palms, 573, 598, 601 and climate, 443
Palux’ formation, 537, 539* Pamunkey formation, 590
Panama portal, 557,* 593*
Paradoxides, 201,* 203
Parafl5n, 253
ParaJiippiis, 630*
Parasitism, 450
Pareiasauria, 412, 417
Pariotichus, 435 *
Parkwood formation, 335
Pascagoula formation, 590
Patapsco formation, 537, 545
Paierina hdla, 189*
Patuxent formation, 537, 545
Pawhuska formation, 353
Pawnee formation, 353
Pearly nautilus, 225, 226*
Pearjis, 139,* 140
Peccaries, 620, 622, 623, 652, 654, 664
Pelecypoda, see Lamdlibranchia Pefloites, 441, 647, 658,* 659
Pelmatozoa, 345
Pelycosaurs, 413,* 416, 435
Peneplanation, 168, 179-181, 310,* 447
Pennsylvania, anthracite areas in, 391* on and gas in, 251,* 252
Pennsylvanian, 101, 105, 333, 351-372 ehmate, 369-371 diastrophism, 351, 354, 367-369 economic products, 354, 371 life, 359-366 paleogeography, 355* submergences, 354 tillites, 370
Pentacrinites, 345
Pentamerus ohlonguSy 270*
Pentremites, 334, 337,* 340, 341, 349
Pentremitidea filosay 320*
Peorian interglacial stage, 654
Peridineans, 155*
Periodic spread of oceans, 95
Periodicity, 446, 447-452 and climate, 438-4:52
Periods, 91, 92, 100
Peripaius, 19
Permanency of continents and oceans, 3, 56
Permian, 101, 105, 333, 419-437 climate, 420, 428-430, 446, 660 economic products, 422, 424, 435437
emergence, 423 glaciation, 428-430, 431* life, 430-435 orogeny, 426-428 paleogeography, 425,* 431* submergences, 422
Perseus, 115*
Petrified Forest of Arizona, 469, 471* Petroleum, 244, 247-260, 358, 391, 581, 612
anticlinal theory of, 255-259 fields, 249-250, 581 industry, growth of, 250 optical properties of, 255 pipe-lines of, in U. S., 249* pools, 251,* 255 sands, 252, 255 shales, 252, 258, 598, 613
Petromyzon marinuSy 291*
Phacops hiifoy 322*
Phanerogams, 378, 379, 384r-388
PhenacoduSy 617*
Phillipsastraea gigas, 320*
PMHipsia major, 365*
[ p. 715 ]
Phiomia, 642
Phororhacos, 586,* 587
Phosphorescence, 73
Photosynthesis, 8, 69
Phyla, 13, 15, 47
Phyllocarids, 203
Phylloceras, 476, 531
PkyllograptuS, 234, 236*
Phyllopoi, 203, 276*
Phylogeny, 46, 155-157
Physiography, changing, 2, 91, 605608 time value of, 97
Phytosterol, 255
Pictured Cliff formation, 537
Piedmont Plateau, 606
Pierre formation, 537, 557,* 564
Pigs, 619, 687
Pntdown man, 671 * 676,* 677-679, 688
Pineal eye, 410,* 411, 414, 495
Pisces, see Fishes Pit formation, 456
PithecanthropiLS, 667,* 668,* 669, 671,* 672, 674r75, 677, 688
Pittsburgh coal bed, 397
Pittsford formation, 264
Placentals, 19, 615, 616
Placoid skin in fishes, 293
Plaisancian of Europe, 590
Planetesimal hypothesis, 115, 118-125, 127
Planetoidal theory of earth origin, 121, 125-126, 127-128
Planets, 120,* 121, 125, 127
Plankton, 72, 73
Planolites corrugatuS, 178*
Plant kingdom, 14, 16
residues and petroleum, 247-260
Plantigrady in man, 668
Plants, 14, 17,* 18, 47, 327-330, 378, 472; see also Floras and climate, 443 as primary food, 9 as source of coal, 31, 389, 391-392 effect of, on mammalian evolution, 616 flowering, 18, 20, 384r-388, 549552 how different from animals, 8 in oceans, 69
Plants, land, in marine deposits, 81 origin of, 16, 263, 274, 329 spore-bearing, 17, IS Planula, 47
Plateau lavas, 512, 572
Platis, 55,* 56
Plaiyceras angulaium, 270*
Platycrinus symmeiricus, 337* Plaiystropkia hticostO, 240*
PlatTirus fauna, 233
Playas, SO
Pleasanton formation, 353
Plectwnhonites sericeus, 240*
Pledoceras (?) occideniale, 236* Pleistocene, 23, 100, 589, 595, 600-602, 603, 604, 605, 606, 609, 628, 647-666 climate, 446, 647-663 life, 622-623, 664-666
Plesiosaurs, 506, 518, 519,* 559,* 578
Pleurocadus nan us, 483*
Plewrotomaria 203, 223*
Pliensbachian of Europe, 502
Pliocene, 23, 100, 589, 590, 592, 594, 595, 600, 603, 604, 606, 609, 610, 611, 654, 688 climate, 600 mammals, 622-623 paleogeographj", 593*
PliohippuS, 630*
Pocahontas formation, 353
Pocono formation, 310,* 335, 336, 343 plateau, 357*
Podokesaurus holyokensiSy 480* Poebrotherium, 631*
PokxantkuS, 489
Polar wandering, 660
Pollenation, 550, 552
Polypterus, 303
Pompeii, 26
Pontiac series, 162
Pontian of Europe, 590
Popocatepetl, 606
Popvlus, 549
Porifera, 13,* 20
Porosity in rocks, 255-256
Porpoises, 614
Port Ewen group, 309
Jackson shark, 294, 295*
Portage formation, 309, 313*
Portland sandstone, 461
[ p. 716 ]
Portlandian of Europe, 502, 509
Poseidon, 435*
Posidonia, 340
Positive areas, 56 movements, 95
Potash, 424
Potomac Disturbance, 503, 544
formation, 536, 537, 539,* 543, 544-545, 552
Potosi formation, 197
Potsdam formation, 187, 197, 204* Pottery and man, 682
Pottsvillian series, 101, 353, 354, 361, 398*
Powell, J. W., 493*
Pre-Cambrian, 102, 105,* 144
Interval, 179-181 methods of correlation of, 14i Predentata, 481, 483,* 485,* 486-487
Primates, 47, 579, 616, 667-689 and climate, 443
Primitive Invertebrates, Age of, 102 “Primitive Series,” 261
Proboscidea, see Elephants Proctor formation, 197
Prodiictella, 321*, 334
Productus, 341, 365,* 374
Productus beds of India, 421
Productus giganteiLs fauna, 340
Productus seas, 333
Prcetus parviuscuLus, 242*
Prollcanites lunvMcosta, 322* Promerycochoerus carrikeri, 621* Propliopithecus, 672
Proterozoic, 102, 105, 158-178 climate, 171-175, 446, 660 distribution of, 147* geosynclines, 65, 158, 159* life, 163,* 175-178
North America in, 141* red beds, 158
ProHUinoihenum, 634
ProioceratopS, 490
Protochordates, 47
Protocoelomata, 155,* 157
Protoq/doceras uMlfieldi, 236* Protocystids, 47
Protocyi;es, 8, 47
Ptotodontia, 615*
PftdohippuB, 627, 630*
Ptotolenus zone, 191
Protollpidodendron primcBvuniy 328* Protophyta, 7, 17,* 157
Protopoda, 412
ProtorohippuS, 627*
Protcspongia, 199*
Prototheria, 615, 616
Proto-Trilobita, 47
Protovxirthia cancellata, 242
Protozoa, 7, 10, 12, 19, 20, 47, 155,* 157, 337,* 365,* 366* ProtyhpuS, 631*
Provinces, life, 187, 233, 269, 318
PsaroniiLSf 327, 385, 433
Pseudomonas colds, 86*
Pseudomonotis hawni, 365,* 477* Pseudomorphs, 26,* 31, 32
Pseudopecopteris mazonana, 376* Psllophyton, 328,* 329
Psychozoic time, 100, 648
Pteranodon, 525,* 526-527, 559* Pteraspis, 296
PterichthySy 296*
Pteridospennophy tes, see Pteridosperms Pteridosperms, 18, 47, 329, 374,* 376,* 378, 379-381, 385
Pterinea demissa, 242* flahdlum, 320*
Pterodactyls, 523-527, 580
Pteropods, 201*
Pterosaurs, 523-527, 556, 559,* 576
Pterygotus buffaloensis, 271, 276* Ptychoceras puzosianum, 576* Ptychoparia kingi, 201*
Puerco formation, 537, 564, 565, 597
Pulsing of life, 42
Purbeckian of Europe, 502
PTamids of Egypt, 597
PTenees Mts., origin of, 610
Pyropsis bairdi, 575*
Pyrokiales, 258
Pyroheric time, 103
Quartermaster formation, 421
Quaternary era, 589
Quebec conglomerates, 234 geosyncline, 149 series, 205, 233
Queenston delta, 241, 243 formation, 233, 265*
[ p. 717 ]
Races, extinction of, 11
Racine fonnation, 264, 272*
Radiate animals, 282-288 “Radioactive clock,” 104, 105* Radioactivity, 104106, 114, 127, 132
Radiolaria, 19, 20, 28, 70,* 72, 175, 177, 181
Radiolarian ooze, 70,* 72
RadioliteSy 541
Rafiriesquina, 216,* 240*
Rain imprints, 462,* 473* primal, 62, 131
Rainfall, 440
Rainier, Mt., 606
Raleigh formation, 353
Ralston formation, 353
Rana temporaria, 406*
Rancoceras formation, 537
Raritan formation, 537
Recapitulation in organisms, 46
Recent time, 648
Record, geologic, imperfection of, 1, 184, 202
Re-creations, 38
Red beds, 33, 156, 158, 164, 169, 280, 306, 324-326, 358, 368, 420, 421, 422, 424, 442, 453-478
Sea, 61, 573
Reefs, Archseocyathidae, 191 bryozoan, 272,* 513 coral, 68, 82, 190, 232, 271, 272,* 287, 312, 327, 370,* 455, 613, 520, 522, 573, 574, 580, 599
Regolith, 196
Reindeer, 652, 680, 684, 687
Relic faunas, 76 seas, 76, 77*
RensselcBria ovoideSy 321*
Reproduction, organic, 10
Reptiles, 13,* 19, 21, 47, 364, 412418, 434-435, 449, 474, 515, 517, 519,* 559,* 601, 615* Age of, 100, 453-454, 479 and climate, 443 dawn of, 405-418 eggs of, 412, 414r-415 flying, 523-527 marine, 475, 517, 578, 580
Reptilian birds, 582-587 mammals, 474-475
Requienixiy 541, 542*
Reservoirs for petroleum, 255-259
Respiration in Amphibia, 408
Reval formation, 233
Revolutions, 38, 91, 101, 102, 144, 161, 168, 426-427, 445,* 447452, 456, 478, 561, 568, 574, 603-604, 611, 612 and climate, 445*
Rkabdocarpm apiculatus, 381* Rhabdospheres, 72, 155,* 536
RhaBtian of Europe, 456, 503, 526
Rhamphorkynchiis phylliLnts, 523* Rhinoceroses, 30, 600, 617,* 619, 620 622, 629, 635-639
Rhode Island coal fleld, 401
Rhodesian man, 681
RhjTiehonellids, 217, 240,* 270,* 521
Rhynchotrema capaxy 240*
Rlfynchotreta americaruiy 270*
Rhyniay 329, 330*
Rhythm in time, 96
Rhyticeras, 319*
Richmond formation, 229, 231,* 231 241
Rif Mts., origia of, 610
Rift valleys, 573
Rifting, 59-62 ‘
Ripley formation, 537
Ripple-marks, 82
Riss glacial stage, 653,* 654
Rivers, effect of, on sea life, 79
Pleistocene, 655, 656
Riversdale formation, 356
Roanoke River, origin of, 544
Robinson fonnation, 421
Rochester formation, 264, 267,* 26J 272*
Rock oil, see Petroleum
pressure, imdergroxmd, 255-256 salt, 279, 435, 436
Rockford formation, 335
Rocks, specific gravity of, 61
Rockwood formation, 264
Rocky Mt. geosyncline, 138, 50C, 5 538, 543, 547, 554, 556 -, M ts., 566, 569,* 599, 603, 606 ancestral, 368, 422, 425,* 42( continental deposits of, 596
[ p. 718 ]
Rodents, 616, 618, 619, 620, 621
Rogers, H. D., 137*
Rondout formation, 264
Rosendale formation, 264
Rudimentary’ structures in animals, 45
Rudistids, 541, 553, 574,* 580 and climate, 443
Ruminants, 619, 620, 621
Runn of Cutch, SO Ruf)elian of Europe, 590
Rushes, 18, 327, 375, 378, 3S0-382, 468,* 472, 514
Rustler formation, 421
Sabine uplift, 357
Sabre-tooth cats, 620, 622, 623, 652, 654, 666
Sageceras gabhi, 477*
Sago palms, 18, 386
St. Charles formation, 197 Lawrence formation, 197 Lawrencic trough, 136, 139,* 230, 233,656 Louis formation, 335 Peter formation, 233, 441
Ste. Genevieve formation, 335
Salamanders, 19, 405, 407,* 408
Salem formation, 335, 341
Saliferous period, 455
Salinan series, 264, 273,* 279,* 280
Salinas formation, 590
Salinity of oceans, 66, 132-133
Salt, 247, 264, 273,* 279, 422, 424, 435437 and climate, 442 domes, in oil accumulation, 259* formation, theory of, 436 in Germany’, 424, 435
Saiterella, 190
Salton S, 604
SamaropsiS, 433
San Andreas rift, 603 Lorenzo formation, 590 Pablo formation, 590
Sand-dollars, 346, 347, 520
Sands, desert, 326, 441 ass, 280 wind-blown, 441
Sandstone, 33, 82, 85, 280, 441
Sandstone Spring formation, 471
Sangamon interglacial stage, 654
Santonian of Europe, 537
Sarmatian of Europe, 590
Satellites of planets, 120,* 121, 127
Saturn, 119,* 120,* 121
Saukui, 203
Saurischia, 481, 496
Sauropoda, 481, 483,* 484, 486, 514, 516, 577
Sauropus harratii, 480*
Savanna formation, 353
Sawfishes, 293
Saxonian of Europe, 421
Scale trees, 377,* 378, 382-384
Scales, fish, 290, 291,* 293, 297, 301
Scaphifes, 575,* 576*
S(XLumeruicia curta, 291*
ScdidosauruSf 489
Schizodus harii, 365*
Schoharie group, 309
Sckroederoceras eatoniy 236*
Scorpions, 274,* 362 sea, 271, 454
Scott, W. B., 493*
Scranton syncline, 357*
Scyphula, 47
Searcows, 600, 614, 616, 652 cucumbers, 19, 21 lilies, see Crinids lions, 600, 614 scorpions, 271, 454 urchins, 19, 21, 337,* 346,* 520, 552, 563 “Sea mills,” 80
Seals, 600, 614, 616
Seas, 75-87; see also Geosyndines as source of petroleum, 254 calcium carbonate in, 86 dead grounds in, 84 desert areas of, 85 diaphanous, 78 epeiric, see Epeiric seas interior, 75
life of, effect of rivers on, 79 littoral, 81 pelitic, 83, 84 rehc, 76, 77* shelf, see Shdf seas warm, 79, 86
Seashore, 81
[ p. 719 ]
Seaweeds, 28, 82, 83, 329
Secondan’ era, 453
Sedgwick, Adam, 185*
Sedimentation, variability in, 399
Sediments, 58, 71,* 85, 265,* 325, 327, 344 as climatic indicators, 325, 442 carbonaceous, 130-131, 164 delta, 81, 325 first, 146 morainic, 440 oolite, 82 organic, 85, 534-536 rate of deposition of, 104 sun-cracked, 279*
Seed-ferns, 18, 385 plants, 18, 384-388
Seine series, 161, 163
Selachii, 293, 294
Selection, organic, 40
Sebna formation, 536, 537, 562
Senecan series, 309
Senility, 11, 12
Senonian of Europe, 534, 537, 572
Senora formation, 353
Septa in ammonites, 529-530
Sequoias, 11, 20, 387, 577, 601
Series, 93
Severn formation, 264
Sewell formation, 353
Shales, 33, 202, 252, 254, 258, 307, 336, 340
Shark River formation, 537
Sharks, 47, 293, 294, 326, 330, 341, 342, 520 acanthodian, 294, 295*
Port Jackson, 294, 295* shell-eating, 294
Sharon formation, 353
Shasta, Mt., 606
Shastan series, 536, 537, 541-543, 566
Shawangunk formation, 263,* 264
Shawnee formation, 353
Shelf seas, 58, 63, 75, 77, 78, 539,* 557, 565-566, 591-596
Shelled animals, see Mollusca Shells, living, in Cenozoic, 589
Shields, 55,* 56
Shinarump conglomerate, 468, 471
Ship lizards, 416
Shoal River formation, 590
Shrimps, 21
Shrinkage of earth, 125
Shrubs, origin of, 552
Sial zone of earth, 128
Sicilian-Malta land bridge, 659 of Europe, 590
Siderite, 117, 545
Siderolites, 117
Sierra Nevada bathyliths, 510 fault, 608 Mte., 459, 511,* 569,* 603
Sierran Disturbance, 445,* 511* Sigillaria, 360,* 377,* 383, 392, 399,* 400,* 401, 433
Silica, use of, by organisms, 28
Sillery formation, 205
Silurian, 101, 105, 261-281 climate, 275, 277, 446 economic products, 278-280
Hfe, 269-275 paleogeography, 273* tillites, 277
Silver, 170, 171, 581
Sinmurian of Europe, 502
Sink holes, 339
Sinking, oceanic, see Subsidences Siouis, 139*
Sirens, 405, 407*
Siwalik formation, 611
Skeletons, lime, 177, 180, 191, lOf 203,284 nitrogenous, 156 siliceous, 181
Skiddaw of Wales, 230, 233
Skulls, brachycephahc, 679 dolichocephalic, 675
Skytian of Europe, 456
Slate, 245
Sloths, 595, 623, 652, 665,* 666
Smilodon, 623, 666
Smith, “Strata,” 89, 499*
Smithwick formation, 353
Snails, see Gastro’poda Snakes, 19, 45, 412, 479, 601
Snow line. Pleistocene, 653*
Sodium chloride, 54, 104; also see S Soils and climate, 442
Solar origin, theories of, 107-126 prominences, 113,* 114
Solenhofen limestones, 522, 525, t 582
[ p. 720 ]
Solmiscus fuaifcrmis, 365* SclenodkeiLus kentuckiensef 366* Solutr6an man, 684
Sonoric embayment, 138, 139,* 159* South America, greater, 60
Sparagmite of Norway, 174, 192
Spamacian of Europe, 590
Spearfish formation, 472
Special creation, 94, 449
Species, 11, 14, 15, 16, 37 relic, 76
Speckled sandstones of India, 421
Spectra of stars, 112
Speech in man, 671
Sphenodorif 412
Sphenopteris mixta, 376*
Spheres of earth, 128
Spiders, 21, 362, 363*
Spinosity, 11, 210, 271, 345-350
Spiny-skinned sea animals, 345-350
Spiral nebulae, 108-109
Spinfer, 216,* 270,* 321,* 341, 365* Spokane shales, 176
Sponges, 13,* 19, 20, 28, 47, 155,* 157, 158, 163,* 175, 177, 181, 199,* 240,* 323*
Spongin, 30
Spontaneous generation, 7
Spores, 17, 18, 361, 375, 377*
Spread, periodic, of oceans, 2, 95
Squids, 476, 531-533
Stages, 93
Staghorn corals, 287
Stanley formation, 343, 353, 355,* 357
Star-fishes, 19, 21, 345
Stars, 107-126 catastrophes among, 114, 115 dark, 110, 114, 117 dwarf and giant, 112 evening and morning, 110 new, 115* shooting, 116
Stature of man, 668
Siattrocephalus murchisoni, 270* Siaurograjus, 234
Stegocephalia, 19, 47, 298, 331, 360,* 364, 407,* 408, 409-412, 434, 454, 468, 473
Stegodon, 641,* 644
Stegomus, 480*
Stegopdta 489
Stegosauria, 481, 487-489
Stegosaurus, 483,* 487, 488,* 495
Stellar system, shape and size of, 111
Stenodidya lohata, 363*
Stenotkeca rugosa, 189*
Stephanian of Europe, 353, 369
Steropoides diversus, 473*
Stigmaria, 377,* 384, 392
Stockton formation, 456
Stone implements, human, 673-674 lilies, see Crinids Stones River formation, 233
Strabo ps, 203
Strand, 80, 81
Strand-lines, oscillations of, 657-658
Strata; see Sediments Stratigraphy, methods of, 1, 500
Stratosphere, 52
Strawn formation, 353
Streptdasma profundum, 240* Strophomma pHanumbona, 240* Strophostylus cydostomus, 270* Structure, geologic, in oil accumulation, 255-259
Struggle for existence, 12, 40, 78
Struthiomimvs, 482*
Stuart formation, 353
Stuntz-Ogishke conglomerate, 102
Stylacodon, 516*
Stylonurus excdsior, 326* . Stylopterygii, 298
Styracosaurus albertensis, 485* Subcarboniferous, 333, 334
Suberas, 91
Submergences, 92, 95, 196, 314, 354, 422, 503-506, 538, 539, 554, 555,* 556-563, 591596 and climate, 445,* 661 cause of, 314 periodic, 446
Subsidences, 135-138, 243
Sudburian series, 102, 161, 162*
Suess, Eduard, 554*
Sulphur in coal, 393-394
Sun, origin of, 107-126
penetration of, into oceans, 69
Sun-cracking of muds, 80, 279,* 443 -spots and climate, 663
Sunbury formation, 335
Sundance formation, 502
[ p. 721 ]
Sunlight, 6, 131, 438
Superposition, 25, 94
Survival of the unspecialized, 450
Sus, 617*
Suture lines in ammonites, 530
Swamp life, Pennsylvanian, 373-388
Swamps, coal, 370, 396-397
Swearinger formation, 456
Swimming bladder in fishes, 303
Sylvania formation, 280
Synclines in oil accumulation, 259* Syrdrophia, 203, 236*
Syracuse salt, 264
Syringopora, 286, 320*
Systems, 91
Tabulata, 285*
Taconian series, 101, 187
Taconie Disturbance, 243, 445* emergence, 243, 263*
Tadpoles, 406*
Tails in hes, 290, 292, 299 .
Talchir tillites, India, 175, 421
Tallahatta formation, 590
Tampa formation, 590
Tapirs, 619, 620, 623, 629, 638, 652, 654
Tarannon formation, 264
Taylor formation, 537
Tectonosphere, 52, 140
Teeth, fish, labyrinthine, 298
TYifl-mmalian , 621, 622, 625-626, 627,* 628 reptilian, 417*
Tehuantepec portal, 604
Tejon formation, 590
TceraSy 622, 637*
TdeosavruSy 578
Teleosts, 19, 293, 301, 580
Temeside shales, 262
Temperature of oceans, 67 zones of, 440*
Tennesseian series, 101, 333, 335, 339340
Tercdaspis, 319,* 322*
TerdiraidLa plicata, 575*
Terebratulids, 217, 521, 575*
I’ermites, 515
Terrace structure, 257, 259*
Tertiary era, see Cenozoic era Tessey formation, 421
Tethys, 3, 62, 366, 367, 427, 430, 435, 478, 530, 541, 543, 552, 572, 591, 597, 610, 611
Tetrabranchiata, 228
Tetracorals, 284,* 286, 370,* 454
Tetragraptus, 234, 236*
Tetralophcxion, 644
Tetrapteryx theory of flight, 585-586
Textulana, 536*
Thalassocratic movements, 95
Thallophjes, 17, 329, 378
Thamnoptychia Umbatlly 320* Thanetian of Europe, 537
Thajmes formation, 456, 466, 472
Thecosmilia trichoiomay 513*
Theresa formation, 197
Theriodontia, 417,* 418, 475, 615,* 616
Theromorpha, 417
Theropoda, 481-486
ThinopuSy 302, 331,* 410
Thompson formation, 502
Thoriimi, disintegration of, 106
Thousand-legs, 21, 275, 362
Thulean basalts, 512, 572, 610
Thuringian of Europe, 421
Thurman formation, 353
Tilestones formation, 262
Tillites, 163, 171-173, 277, 370, 428430, 440, 444-446, 554, 565 574, 602 of Africa, 175, 428 of Australia, 174, 192, 429 of China, 175 of India, 174, 421, 429 of Norway, 174, 192, 232
Time heralders, among fossils, 94 table, geologic, 88-103 terms in Geology, 90-93
Timiskaming series, 162
Tirolites time, 465*
Tissues, 8
Titanotheres, 619, 633-635
Toarcian formation, 502
Tonoloway formation, 264
Tonto formation, Frontispiece Toothed birds, 576, 578, 582-587
Topography, glacial, 659 time value of, 97
Torbanites, 258
[ p. 722 ]
Tomaria, 47
TormceroB simpleX, 322*
Torosaurus, 485,* 489
Torrejon formation, 537, 564, 565, 597
Torridonian sandstones, 174
Tortoises, 412
Tortonian of Europe, 590
Toumaician of Europe, 333, 341
TrachodoTif 485,* 491, 495, 577
Tracks of animals, 32 of dinosaurs, 462,* 473,* 474,* 479
Transgressions of oceans, 64
Transpiration in plants, 16
Trap rocks, 458-462
Travis Peak formation, 537
Tree of life, 13,* 14, 47 stumps, 328, 338,* 396,* 399* Tree-ferns, 18, 360,* 374,* 380, 433. 443, 472, 507,* 514, 573
Trees, fossil, 577, 607*
Trematops milleri, 407*
Trenton formation, 229, 230, 233, 237, 239, 245, 257* man, 686 oil and gas, 244
Trial and error, 1, 4
TriarthTus hecki 208,* 242*
Triassic period, 100, 105, 453-478 climate, 446, 463, 476 coal, 463 life, 472-478, 480* Newark series, 457-464 of Europe, 454r-455 paleogeography, 465*
Triceraiops, 485,* 489, 495
Trigonia 518*, 521
Trigonias, 637
Trigonocarpon ornatum, 381* Trilobites, 19, 21, 47, 189,* 190, 201,* 203, 207-213, 242,* 270,* 322,* 365,* 454 decline of, 324 defined, 207 dominance of, 185-206 geologic duration of, 209 limbs of, 212 moulting of, 212
Trllophodon, 644
Trinidad pitch, 247
Trinity formation, 537, 538, 541
Triplecia extans, 240*
Trilidtes secdicuS, 365*
Trochonerm umbilicatum, 242* Trochophora, 19, 47, 155*
Troostocrinus reinwardti, 270* Tropidoleptus carinatus, 321* Tropigastriies rothpletd, 477*
Tropites subhullatus, 477*
Tuateras, 479
Tuily formation, 309
Timdras, 30
Tunicates, 19
Tupaia, 616
Turonian of Europe, 535, 537, 555* Turritella whitd, 575
Turtles, 19, 412, 474, 479, 578, 601
Tuscaloosa formation, 537
Tuscarora formation, 264, 280, 310* Tuxedni formation, 502
Tyrannosaurus rex, 482, 485,* 577
Uinta formation, 590, 598, 619, 634
Uintatheres, 619, 633
Uintoiherium, 617,* 633*
Ulsterian series, 309
Unconformities, 97, 179, 263;* see also Breaks
Underclays, 396
Ungulates, 615*
Unicellular life, dawn of, 103
Uniformitarianism, 1, 4, 89, 449
UniO, 468, 473
United States, mineral wealth of, 403 Range, 54
Universes, spiral, 107
Unkar formation, Frontispiece, 167, 168*
Upper Barren series, 423
Ural Mts., Permian of, 419
Uranium, disintegration of, 106
Uranus, 120,* 121
Urgonian of Europe, 537
Urodela, 407,* 408, 409
Use and disuse of organs, 39
Utica shale, 257*
Vadose water, 65
Valanginian of Europe, 537
[ p. 723 ]
Valcour formation, 233
Vaqueros formation, 590
VaranosauTu brevirostris, 413* Variation, organic, 14, 37
Variscian mts., 344, 367
Vaxves, 171, 174, 441, 658,* 659
Venus, 120*
Venus’ flower baskets, 199,* 323* Verdis, 56, 57*
Vermilion Cliff sandstones, 506
Vernon formation, 264
Vero man, 686
Vertebraria, 433
Vertebrates, 19, 21, 47, 330-331, 362, 473-476 fossil, discovery of, 490 land, rise of, 239, 405r-418
Vestigial structures in animals, 45
Vesuvius, 26
Vicksburg formation, 590
Vidrio formation, 421
Vindelian IMts., 455
Vindbyan tillites, 174
Virgal formation of India, 421
Visan of Europe, 333
Vishnu schist, Frontispiece, 149
Vision, growth of, in man, 671
Volborthella, 190
Volcanic ash, 26, 70, 239, 596, 661 necks in oil accumulation, 259* stage of earth origin, 123
Volcanoes, 131-132, 169, 277, 316, 317,* 359, 426, 456, 465,* 467, 505,* 509, 566, 567, 593,* 595, 599, 606, 607, 611 of moon, 132 submarine, 548
VoZfeia, 433
VcllvoX, 157
Vosgian of Europe, 456
Waagenoceras mmminsi, 366*
Wabash spur, 244
Wabaunsee formation, 353
Waccamaw formation, 590
Waif floras and faimas, 548
Walcott, C. D., 202*
Waldenburgian of Europe, 353
Waldron formation, 264
Wallace, A. R., 40*
Walnut formation, 537
Walrus, 447, 652
Wapanucka formation, 353, 357, 358
Warm blood in mammals, 616
Warsaw formation, 335
Wasatch formation, 172, 565, 590, 597, 598, 602, 619, 626, 630, 632
Mts. fault, 608 tillite, Ptoterozoie, 172
Washita formation, 508, 535, 537, 538, 539,* 540, 556, 558
Water and petroleum, 257-258 as basis of life, 6 circulation of, in rocks, 254 hemisphere, 52 in Archeozoic, 65 juvenile, 65, 181 limestones, 264, 280 origin of, 3, 53, 65, 103 vadose, 65 vapor in air, 438-439, 662
Waucobian series, 187, 188
Waverlian series, 101, 333, 335-339
Waves, work of, 76, 78
Wealden of Europe, 526, 534, 535, 537, 552
Weather, 439
Web of life, 40, 448, 450
Wellington formation, 421
Wells, petroleum, 247-248
Wellsburg formation, 309
Wenlock formation, 264
Werner, Abraham Gottlob, 89
West Rock, 456, 462*
Western Interior coal field, 402
Westphalian of Europe, 353, 369
Wetumka formation, 353
Weverton peneplain, 544, 545
Wewoka formation, 353
Whales, 12, 600, 614, 616
Whirlpool formation, 265*
White Cliff sandstones, 506
Mts., origin of, 316
River formation, 590, 598, 599, 634
Whitewater formation, 102, 160
Whitfidddla nitida, 270*
Wichita formation, 421
Mts., 343, 368
Wilcox formation, 590, 593*
[ p. 724 ]
Will in evolution, 50
Williamsburg formation, 590
Williston, S. W., 493*
Wills Creek formation, 264
Wind River formation, 597, 619
Winds and climate, 440 fetch of, 76
Windsor Disturbance, 344 formation, 339, 340, 343, 369
Winslow formation, 353
Wisconsin glacial epoch, 653,* 654 uplift, 237
Wiscoy formation, 309
Wiser formation, 466, 472
Wolf camp formation, 421
Wood, fossil, 31, 471,* 512, 514
Woodbine formation, 535, 537, 541
Woodside formation, 456, 472
Woodward formation, 421
Woolhope formation, 264
Woolly mammoth, 30, 643,* 645, 652, 653,664
Woolly rhinoceros, 30, 635
Word formation, 421
Worms, 19, 177, 178*
Worthmia tabidata, 365*
Wurm glacial stage, 653,* 654
Yarmouth interglacial stage, 654
Yellowstone Park in Cenozoic, 607
Yoldia sea, 658
Ypresian of Europe, 590
Yukonis, 139*
Zaphrentis umhonata, 284*
Zebras, 625, 628
Zechstein formation, 421
Zeughdon, 600
Zittelella typicoLis, 240*
Zoology, 14