Some shamans were shrewd tricksters who induced autohypnosis by staring at their navels, impressing and mystifying tribesmen with their mysterious conduct. [1] Medicine men induced temple sleep for healing, employing various techniques including chanting, surgery, and drug-induced physical states. [2]
Shamans utilized the power of suggestion to control the hazards of living and seek superhuman help through negative suggestion, focusing on rain making, disease healing, and crime detecting. [3]