© 2013 Philip Calabrese
© 2013 The Urantia Book Fellowship
Statistical Tests in General. In performing any statistical test one must have an a priori probability distribution to test against. For example, knowing that wood can hardly grow unaided into the shape of a 4-legged chair in a wooded forest, if we encounter such a piece of wood in the forest then we are justified in concluding (statistically, not logically) that it was designed and built by some intelligent agent rather than that it evolved or emerged into a chair by wholly non-intelligent means. Similarly, if we flip a coin 100 times and “heads” comes up less than 33 times, then we could statistically conclude that the coin is biased toward tails because the probability of a fair coin producing 33 or less “heads” in 100 flips is 1 chance in 5000. The test is possible because we have an a priori distribution to test against concerning the number of “heads” in 100 flips of a fair coin. Assuming the “null hypothesis” of a fair coin, we calculate the low probability of a sample of at most 33 heads in 100 flips and conclude the “alternative hypothesis” that the coin is biased.
In standard scientific statistical tests the “significance level”, the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true, is set at 1/100 or even 1/25, not 1/5000, let alone much smaller numbers. A significance level is usually expressed as a percentage – 1% or 4%. However, for this test the significance level can be set to much smaller values, values equivalent to flipping 25 or fewer heads in 100 flips of a fair coin—less than 1 chance in a million. That significance level is 0.0001%.
In contrast to having an a priori known “null” distribution, as of 24 May 2013 we do not scientifically know of life on other worlds. Nor do we scientifically know how life originated on Earth. Since we have no knowledge (let alone a distribution) about the origin of life, we have no scientific basis for estimating the probability of a world like ours having our type of life. We have no contemporary science (CS) knowledge of other worlds like ours or the percentage of worlds like ours that have life like ours. Therefore, there is no way at present to scientifically estimate the probability of life on other planets.
Similarly, in the context of the evolution of advanced life on Earth from mysteriously complicated one-celled life, without having much knowledge of how complex organisms “emerged” from simpler ones, there is no clear way to test the hypothesis that the human eye required intelligent design due to its supposed “irreducible complexity”.
However, there is relatively good statistical evidence of the degree of scientific error and inaccuracy in humanly written scientific books and periodicals in 1955 and earlier. Those publications have become increasingly obsolescent or erroneous over the years when new scientific discoveries were made. Therefore there is a basis for testing a 1955 book that claims, among other things, to provide scientific information of immense value to our world, help in cosmology to support a spiritual message.
As an example of what has been phrased “scientific convergence toward statements in The Urantia Book ” it is a verifiable fact that long before they were observed by human astronomers in the 1990’s, The Urantia Book quite accurately described the so-called “walls” of galaxies beyond the Milky Way in far distant outer space including the huge “voids” between these “walls” or zones. It also described dark matter that it accurately said is over 90% of the mass of the cosmos, another fact only substantiated in the 1990’s.
In hindsight, many human scientific statements written in 1955 and earlier were quite incorrect. If The Urantia Book follows these, and does not avoid these human errors, then The Urantia Book can be considered to be of human origin. However, if the test shows that The Urantia Book has an uncanny way of avoiding errors while offering correct accounts of once doubted or mistaken science, then it becomes highly unlikely that mere humans authored.
The Urantia Book, published in 1955, has predicted many subsequent scientific discoveries that were unknown or unpopular at that time while it has avoided scientific errors of that time. But has it been statistically significant?
Mistaken science of 1955 and earlier, but now known with high confidence, can be used to answer that question. How likely is it that humans could have written The Urantia Book before 1955? Rejection of this “null hypothesis” would mean acceptance of the alternate hypothesis, that human beings did not author The Urantia Book.
Such a conclusion would precipitate an integrity test for both scientific and traditional religious authorities. The problem is that both institutions are too tied to the status quo philosophically and economically to be moved to recognize and accept a scientific and religious communication from superhuman sources. They are more likely to attack anything and anyone that seriously challenges their doctrines and dogmas. But scientific facts are the objective part of reality that we must all recognize or be self-deceived.
Null Hypothesis: The Urantia Book was authored by humans.
Alternate Hypothesis: The Urantia Book was not authored by humans.
Definition of the Population for The Test. The test population consists of all well-established, present day (as of 24 May 2013) scientific statements for which the following are true:
Qualifications on the Test Procedure. For a valid test it is essential that the reversal statement selection process not bias the sample of the population. Ideally, all present day, well-established “scientific reversals” would be covered by the reversal statement list thereby eliminating one form of selection bias. Otherwise a sufficiently large, unbiased (random) sample of this population must be used. Skeptics of the superhuman authorship are encouraged to offer examples of reversal statements that The Urantia Book did not get right by today’s (CS) standards. This is an ongoing process that can be regularly updated as new scientific discoveries and reversal statements are made.
Since the reversal statements must be independent of each other, there is some judgment in covering a topic that contains two or more loosely related statements. For example, in covering new information about the outer space galaxies, besides the numbers of galaxies, there are the related facts of large-scale structures among them, the huge voids, and high percentage of dark matter holding the spinning galaxies together, all predicted by The Urantia Book. How many independent statements should cover the outer space galaxies?
Another area requiring some judgment involves deciding whether there is enough convergence toward (or divergence away from) the position expressed in The Urantia Book to count it as a “success” (or failure).
Another area of judgment is deciding whether a present day scientific position is really well established or based more on scientific dogma. For example, although in 2013 a majority of all scientists are supposedly of the opinion that life emerged from non-living matter with no superhuman involvement, there is no scientific proof of that. It is not scientifically “well established”. Showing that electrical stimulation of simple atoms and compounds can produce more complex but non-living hydrocarbons that are essential to living things does not demonstrate or prove that life emerged randomly out of the primordial chemical soup.
Because CS is an ever-growing and reforming body of knowledge the contribution of individual statements to the statistical conclusion may shift back and forth over the years. Therefore this test should be rerun periodically as more science is discovered. Nevertheless, the overall convergence of CS toward the science of The Urantia Book is already apparent over the decades between 1955 and 5/24/2013.
Estimation of Probabilities. In theory, for each scientific reversal statement, there is a historical record of the percentage of scientific authors who espoused (published) the present day, contemporary scientific understanding. This percentage, expressed as a fraction, can be interpreted as the probability that a human author at the time would espouse the present day scientific account of the information. The number 1 minus this fraction is the probability that a human author at the time would express doubt or something mostly incorrect compared to present day scientific understanding. This is the “probability of human doubt or error” for the associated reversal statement.
Nevertheless, certain very helpful simplifications can be made for the test that are designed to only increase the probability of accepting human authorship and which therefore, maintain the significance level of the test. That is, the probability of falsely rejecting human authorship is not increased by the following simplifications.
Simplifications of the Test Data. It will not bias the sample, but will greatly simplify historical data collection, to restrict the population to all (and only) those scientific “reversal statements” for which, according to present day (CS) scientific knowledge, 2/3 or more of the scientific opinions in 1955 were wrong or expressed ignorance. (That eliminates 50-50 questions.)
Secondly, to any statement whose fraction of incorrect human scientific opinions in 1955 was even greater than 2/3 it will suffice to assign the same 2/3 value as though 1/3 of human scientists at the time expressed the correct opinion. This will give to the null hypothesis any benefit in likelihood due to this simplification.
Thus reversal statements will be restricted to those for which the probability of a correct human opinion prior to 1955 is less than 1/3, and all those will be assigned 1/3 no matter how less likely humans were to write correctly in 1955.
The Test. With the above simplifications, the statistical test can be done using a binomial distribution with the probability of failure equal to 2/3 for each of the reversal statements.
We can think of this test as rolling an ordinary six-sided die having numbers 1 through 6 on its faces. The number of rolls N of the die will be the number of independent reversal statements. For any reversal statement, human error will be represented by the die faces with numbers 1, 2, 3 or 4. The faces with 5 or 6 will represent correct human statements. Thus in the “N rolls of a die” model the probability of human error (failure) on any roll is p = 2/3 and so 1/3 is the probability of a correct human statement (success).
There are now online calculators[1] for the binomial distributions that will output the probability of rolling fewer than some number X of failures (1, 2, 3 or 4) in N rolls of a die. For example, for a run of 48 rolls, the probability of less than X=21 failures is 0.000329, which is less than 1 chance in 3,000.
Independent Statements for Testing. The following reversal statements have been grouped into independent examples. For example, calculating the sizes of a proton and an electron and the electron orbit size are considered related (not independent) questions: Knowing the answer to one affects the probability of knowing the answer to the others. Therefore they are not independent, and so they are lumped together in item 5. There is an endnote for each item that gives the relevant Paper:Section.paragraphs in The Urantia Book along with other references establishing the reversal statement.
The letter “C” (for convergence, success), or the letter “D” (for divergence, failure) has been placed after most items indicating a tentative assignment. A question mark “?” indicates that present day understanding is not well enough established, or that there is some, but not enough, convergence or divergence, or that there is some other question about the reversal statement. This category will not be used for the test but will be used to identify potential future examples of reversal statements of CS.
Astronomy
Biology
Paleontology
Geology
The Test. There are 39 C’s, 9 D’s and 2 question marks out of a total of 50 items.
This is like rolling 9 or less failures (1, 2, 3, or 4) out of 48 rolls of a fair die with the probability of failure on each chance being at least 2/3. The probability of doing this by pure chance is essentially zero. Even getting fewer than 13 failures in 48 rolls is 2 chances in 100 million, one chance in 50 million. (By rolling 8 fair dice 6 times this experiment can easily be done to see how many failures come up in 48 rolls of a single die.)
Therefore the null hypothesis of human authorship of The Urantia Book is easily rejected at the 0.0001 percent significance level, which is 1 chance in a million. In fact, the probability in this test of falsely rejecting the human authorship is less than one chance in 50 million.
Conclusions. The amount of superhuman scientific knowledge imparted in The Urantia Book was carefully designed to be “of immense value” but “not inspired”. Filling in some gaps in our knowledge, telling us about our own history, providing an authoritative elimination of some errors, providing some soon to be discovered science, and coordinating little known human knowledge—in this way The Urantia Book intends to provide a better cosmological context in which to understand the spiritual revelation of The Urantia Book, a retelling and an expansion of the life and gospel of Jesus.
For some folks, this simple statistical test will not be enough of a reason to believe in The Urantia Book as an actual book of revelation from God. After all, many closeminded people who witnessed the superhuman feats of Jesus attributed them to the devil. Our religious brothers—the Jews, the Christians, and the Muslims—are free to imagine that Lucifer and Satan are trying to deceive them with this superhuman information. However, they could judge the book in the way that Jesus recommended, by the quality of its fruits.
In that regard, they should know that The Urantia Book preaches the Gospel of Jesus (the spiritual Fatherhood of God and the spiritual equality of all people), and further, that loving service to one’s fellows is the spiritual fruit of knowing God and living God’s love.
Phil Calabrese found The Urantia Book in 1970, and it was “love at first sight.” He has authored numerous papers and presentations on the book, especially on its unique cosmology, and he initiated and taught the first for-credit college course based on The Urantia Book. Phil has a PhD in mathematics, and has served as an aerospace analyst. His personal company, Data Synthesis, won a prime contract with the US Navy to develop techniques for reasoning with uncertainty, techniques he later applied to quantum logic. He continues to review papers on the foundations of quantum logic for the American Mathematical Society’s Mathematical Reviews.
See for instance http://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc3/calc.aspx?id=70 ↩︎
The Urantia Book UB 42:8.5 Also see ‘“Convergence”—The Science Content of The Urantia Book’, Ken Glasziou, UBRON email, Sun, 21 Jan 2007 11:29:10 -0800 ↩︎
UB 12:2.3 “In the not-distant future, new telescopes will reveal to the wondering gaze of Urantian astronomers no less than 375 million new galaxies in the remote stretches of outer space.” UB 12:1.14 “The Outer Space Levels. Far out in space, at an enormous distance from the seven inhabited superuniverses, there are assembling vast and unbelievably stupendous circuits of force and materializing energies.” UB 11:7.7 “The relatively quiet zones between the space levels, such as the one separating the seven superuniverses from the first outer space level, are enormous elliptical regions of quiescent space activities.” UB 11:7.7
Also see “The Coming Scientific Validation of The Urantia Book ”, Philip Calabrese, The Urantia Book Fellowship Herald, 2006. Recent measurements of red-shift gaps suggest a ring or shell arrangement. See Napier, W.M. and Guthrie, B.N.G., Quantized redshifts: a status report, J. Astrophysics and Astronomy 18(4):455–463, 1997, http://www.ias.ac.in/jarch/jaa/18/455-463.pdf 12:1.2 ↩︎
UB 41:3.5 See also http://www.ubthenews.com/Astronomy.htm#Tycho; ↩︎ ↩︎
“The formation of a neutron star is clearly being described in The Urantia Book UB 41:8.3-4 where it is stated that the gravity collapse of massive stars is accompanied by release of vast numbers of tiny uncharged particles. Such particles are not released in the formation of white dwarfs or black holes. The existence of these particles (the neutrinos) was not demonstrated until 1956… The existence of a mother sphere for this nebula was demonstrated in 1967 with the detection of a pulsar now known to be a neutron star” (W. Kaufman, The Universe, 1985); “Science Content of The Urantia Book ”, Editors: Richard Bain, Ken Glasziou, Matt Neibaur, & Frank Wright, http://www.truthbook.com/index.cfm?linkID=101 ↩︎ ↩︎
UB 15:6.11 “The Dark Islands of Space… The density of some of these large masses is well-nigh unbelievable. And this great concentration of mass enables these dark islands to function as powerful balance wheels, holding large neighboring systems in effective leash. They hold the gravity balance of power in many constellations; many physical systems which would otherwise speedily dive to destruction in near-by suns are held securely in the gravity grasp of these guardian dark islands.” Also see “Vera Rubin and Dark Matter”, http://www.amnh.org/education/resources/rfl/web/essaybooks/cosmic/p_rubin.html ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
First seen in 1991 by Fly’s Eye Observatory in Utah, [“Impossible Particles”, Andrew Grant, Discover, April 2010, p47]; http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/swift/bursts/short_burst_oct5.html; See UB 42:5.5; ↩︎
UB 49:3.3: “Millions upon millions of meteorites enter the atmosphere of Urantia daily, coming in at the rate of almost two hundred miles a second.” From Paul Herrick: “Detection of an intergalactic meteor particle with the 6-m telescope”, V.L. Afanasiev, V.V. Kalenichenko, I.D. Karachentsev, Abstract of paper submitted on 10 Dec 2007: “On July 28, 2006 the 6-m telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences recorded the spectrum of a faint meteor… The entry velocity of the meteor body into the Earth’s atmosphere estimated from radial velocity is equal to 300 km/s… We conclude that this meteor particle is likely to be of extragalactic origin.” ↩︎
“Quite recently, the idea that a black hole could not be highly charged has been reversed (Price and Thorne, 1988). Highly charged black holes with an immense potential difference at the poles of the order of 1 x 10^20 volts, have now been invoked to account for the enormous power output of quasars. [Bain et al. 1991: 17] In describing the formation of our solar system, The Urantia Book UB 57:5.4 tells of the approach of the Angona system, describing its center as a “dark giant of space, solid, highly charged, and possessing enormous gravity pull”. This description now aligns with most recent concepts regarding black holes.” [Bain et al. 1991: 18] ↩︎
UB 12:4.7. Also see “The Coming Scientific Validation of The Urantia Book ”, Philip Calabrese, The Urantia Book Fellowship Herald, 2006. ↩︎
UB 11:5.8; UB 11:6.1, 4-5. Also see The Coming Scientific Validation of The Urantia Book, Philip Calabrese, The Urantia Book Fellowship Herald, 2006. ↩︎
UB 119:0.7 “… Michael of Nebadon… began the organization of your local universe about four hundred billion years ago.” But “Big Bang has no shadows” http://www.moondaily.com/reports/Big_Bang_Afterglow_Fails_An_Intergalactic_Shadow_Test_999.html ↩︎
There is about one electron per cubic inch in interstellar space UB 42:4.6 Paul Herrick, in “Nobel Prize Ideas”, says space temperature being above absolute zero was discovered in 1964 and awarded a Nobel Prize in 1978. The Urantia Book Fellowship Community Newsletter, August 2010. ↩︎
UB 15:4.7. For CS references, see The Coming Scientific Validation of The Urantia Book, Philip Calabrese, The Urantia Book Fellowship Herald, 2006. ↩︎
UB 57:6.2. Also see http://www.ubthenews.com/topics/mercury.htm ↩︎
UB 57:6.5. Also see http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tothemoon/origins.html ↩︎ ↩︎
UB 41:7.2 “The surface temperature of your sun is almost 6,000 degrees, but it rapidly increases as the interior is penetrated until it attains the unbelievable height of about 35,000,000 degrees in the central regions. (All of these temperatures refer to your Fahrenheit scale.)” Now estimated at 29 million deg F, Microsoft Encarta ‘95. Redmond, WA: Microsoft, 1995. “The approximate temperature at the center of the sun is 16,000,000 K (29,000,000 °F)” http://www.hypertextbook.com/facts/1997/DedraForbes.shtml ↩︎
UB 49:2.13 “Beings such as the Urantia races are classified as mid-breathers; you represent the average or typical breathing order of mortal existence. If intelligent creatures should exist on a planet with an atmosphere similar to that of your near neighbor, Venus, they would belong to the superbreather group, while those inhabiting a planet with an atmosphere as thin as that of your outer neighbor, Mars, would be denominated subbreathers.” See also http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus and http://www.cmex.ihmc.us/voviews/eartmars.htm. ↩︎
UB 58:4.2 “550,000,000 years ago the Life Carrier corps returned to Urantia. In co-operation with spiritual powers and superphysical forces we organized and initiated the original life patterns of this world and planted them in the hospitable waters of the realm.” CS says otherwise: http://www.paleobiology.si.edu/geotime/main/htmlversion/ar-chean3.html. ↩︎
UB 59:1.19 “…They grew in length from two inches to one foot and developed into four distinct groups: carnivorous, herbivorous, omnivorous, and “mud eaters.” The ability of the latter group largely to subsist on inorganic matter — being the last multicelled animal that could — explains their great increase and long survival.” Compare with: “I show in this paper that even by the late Cambrian period (505 million years ago) certain extinct arthropods, trilobites belonging to the family Olenidae, evolved features best understood as evidence of sulfur chemoautotrophic mode of metabolism. If so, this finding takes the record of this type of bacterial symbiosis close to the initial radiation of large metazoans. The evidence derives from the morphological peculiarities of the trilobites themselves, including some species with reduced oral structures”, Richard Fortey, Department of Paleontology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom, Communicated by Lynn Margulis, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA (received for review March 1, 2000), PNAS, vol. 97 no. 12, 6574-6578. ↩︎
UB 60:2.14 “One hundred million years ago the reptilian age was drawing to a close. The dinosaurs, for all their enormous mass, were all but brainless animals, lacking the intelligence to provide sufficient food to nourish such enormous bodies. And so did these sluggish land reptiles perish in ever-increasing numbers.” ↩︎
61:0.1; 61:7.19 “Placental Mammals Originated On Earth 65 Million Years Ago, Researchers Assert”, Science Daily (June 21, 2007) — An early mammal fossil discovered in Mongolia led to researchers asserting that the origins of placental mammals, which include humans, can be dated to approximately 65 million years ago in the Northern Hemisphere.” See also http://www.sciencedaily.com/releaes/2007/06/070621135213.htm ↩︎
UB 36:2.11 “On Urantia there are forty-eight units of pattern control — trait determiners — in the sex cells of human reproduction.” Also see “Chromosome 2 (human)” http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_2_(human) that says “Humans have only 23 pairs of chromosomes. Human chromosome 2 is widely accepted to be a result of an end-to-end fusion of two ancestral chromosomes.” ↩︎
UB 58:6.3 “From era to era radically new species of animal life arise. They do not evolve as the result of the gradual accumulation of small variations; they appear as full-fledged and new orders of life, and they appear suddenly.” UB 58:6.4 “The sudden appearance of new species and diversified orders of living organisms is wholly biologic, strictly natural. There is nothing supernatural connected with these genetic mutations.” See also Eldridge, N., and Gould, S. J., Ed. Schopf, T. J. M. (1972) Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism. Models in Paleontology. San Francisco: Freeman, Cooper, and Co. ↩︎
UB 74:0.1 “Adam and Eve arrived on Urantia, from the year A.D. 1934, 37,848 years ago.” UB 51:0.1 “During the dispensation of a Planetary Prince, primitive man reaches the limit of natural evolutionary development, and this biologic attainment signals the System Sovereign to dispatch to such a world the second order of sonship, the biologic uplifters. These Sons, for there are two of them—the Material Son and Daughter—are usually known on a planet as Adam and Eve.” See also “University of Chicago researchers find human brain still evolving”: “For microcephalin, the new variant class emerged about 37,000 years ago and now shows up in about 70 percent of present-day humans.” “The microcephalin variant appears along with the emergence of such traits as art and music, religious practices, and sophisticated toolmaking techniques–which date back to about 50,000 years ago.” http://www.uchospitals.edu/news/2005/20050908-humanbrain.html ↩︎
See UB 65:4.3. Also see “Review of Pathology of the Liver”, Edited by Dr. Emilio Orfei, Department of Pathology, Loyola University of Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Apr 10, 2001. http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/orfpath/repair.htm. See also http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wound_healing ↩︎
See UB 62:4.7 “Thus it was that the dawn mammals, springing from the North American lemur type, gave origin to the mid-mammals, and these mid-mammals in turn produced the superior Primates, who became the immediate ancestors of the primitive human race. The Primates tribes were the last vital link in the evolution of man, but in less than five thousand years not a single individual of these extraordinary tribes was left.” ‘ “MISSING LINK” FOUND: New Fossil Links Humans, Lemurs?’ http://www.news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/05/090519-missing-link-found.html ↩︎
See UB 58:6.2. Also see “Frauds in Science”, Wayne Jackson, Christian Courier: Archives, October 3, 2001. http://www.christian-courier.com/archives/scienceFrauds.htm ↩︎
See [63:2.1-5]; Creating Fire (Also http://www.ubthenews.com/Anthropology_Archaeology.htm#fire) ↩︎
See Paper 64. Also see http://www.ubthenews.com/topics/Peking_Man.htm ↩︎
See UB 64:1.6; Early Migration to Britain (http://www.ubthenews.com/Anthropology_Archaeology.htm#Britain ) ↩︎
UB 78:1.8 “… Neanderthal absorption had greatly retarded the culture of the blue man, but he was otherwise the most aggressive, adventurous, and exploratory of all the evolutionary peoples of Eurasia.” See also “Did Your Ancestor Date a Neanderthal?” Wall Street Journal, August 17, 2012, http://www.online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444772404577587483438679926.html. ↩︎
UB 64:6.5 “About eighty-five thousand years ago the comparatively pure remnants of the red race went en masse across to North America, and shortly thereafter the Bering land isthmus sank, thus isolating them.” Early Migration to the Americas (http://www.ubthenews.com/topics/early_migration_americas.htm) ↩︎
http://www.ubthenews.com/Timeline_Summaries.htm#HorsingAround and also here in Urantiapedia: A 2011 Reuters story, covering an archaeological discovery made in Saudi Arabia, reported, “The Maqar Civilization is a very advanced civilization of the Neolithic period. This site shows us clearly, the roots of the domestication of horses 9,000 years ago.” ↩︎
UB 57:5.4 “4,500,000,000 years ago the enormous Angona system began its approach to the neighborhood of this solitary sun. The center of this great system was a dark giant of space, solid, highly charged, and possessing tremendous gravity pull.” UB 57:5.9 “The five inner and five outer planets soon formed in miniature…” Also see “The age of the Earth is 4.54 ± 0.05 billion years…” http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth ↩︎
UB 57:8.23. The University of California Museum of Paleontology writes: “Alfred Wegener (1880-1930). In 1929, about the time Wegener’s ideas began to be dismissed, Arthur Holmes elaborated on one of Wegener’s many hypotheses; the idea that the mantle undergoes thermal convection.” “Not until the 1960’s did Holmes’ idea receive any attention.” See also “Plate Tectonics: The Rocky History of an Idea “, Anne Weil, the University of California Berkeley Museum of Paleontology, http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/techist.html ↩︎
UB 57:8.23 “750,000,000 years ago the first breaks in the continental land mass began…”, See also [58.5.3-4] ↩︎
UB 59:2.5: “330,000,000 years ago marks the beginning of a time sector of comparative quiet all over the world, with much land again above water. The only exception to this reign of terrestrial quiet was the eruption of the great North American volcano of eastern Kentucky, one of the greatest single volcanic activities the world has ever known. The ashes of this volcano covered five hundred square miles to a depth of from fifteen to twenty feet.” Also see “Central Uplift Formation at the Middlesboro Impact Structure, Kentucky, USA”, K. A. Milam, K. Kuehn, and B. Deane, Lunar and Planetary Science XXXV (2004) http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2004/pdf/2073.pdf; See also http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/Cool-Astronomy/2010/0518/Giant-meteor-found-to-have-struck-Appalachia ↩︎
See UB 73:3.4; UB 73:7.1; Garden of Eden, Robert Sarmast, http://www.ubthenews.com/summaries/garden_of_eden.htm ↩︎
See UB 60:3.3; UB 61:3.3, See also http://www.ubthenews.com/topics/Sierra.htm ↩︎
See UB 80:2.4 Also see http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanclean_flood ↩︎
See UB 58:2.6. Also see Blue Jets, http://www.news.stanford.edu/news/2002/march20/bluejet-320.html, Also see UBTheNews.com ↩︎