85 million years ago the Bering Strait closed, unifying the marine life of the Atlantic-Gulf waters and the Pacific Ocean. [1] During these land elevations, the disappearance of certain land bridges drastically altered the connectivity between continents. [2] During the ice age, a land connection between England and France formed through the English Channel. [3]
The Gibraltar isthmus once connected Spain and Africa, forming a land bridge before geological shifts led to the creation of the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean as separate bodies of water. [4] The Iceland land bridge submerged, isolating the Western Hemisphere as distinct life forms began to develop. [5] Descendants of Andon and Fonta migrated to Java 950,000 years ago. [6] The land bridge connected the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean, leading colored races to settle in Africa. [7]
During the Cenozoic age, the Panama isthmus and Bering Strait land bridge rose and fell, connecting diverse animal types in an animal paradise amidst evolving species struggles. [8] During the ice age, a Sicilian land bridge connected Africa to Europe, bringing in new animals that virtually exterminated others. [9]