In Egyptian religion, souls armed with magic could make their way to Osiris' judgment hall, avoiding evil spirits, to determine their fate in bliss or hell. [1] Hell was invented for punishment of taboo violators who were seen as committing both crime and sin. [2] Jewish traditions of heaven and hell, influenced by Zoroastrianism, incorporated the concept of a day of judgment tied to the end of the world. [3]
Primitives entertained no ideas of hell or future punishment, viewing the afterlife as similar to this one without misfortune, leading to a preference for being killed before old age. [4] The wicked, destroyed by fire under Mithraism, faced judgment for eternal life with Mithras. [5]