Erosive Work of Running Water p. 114
Beginning of a valley, p. 115. The permanent stream, p. 117. Modes of valley development, p. 119. Limits of growth, p. 121. The development of tributaries, p. 121. The struggle for existence among valleys and streams, p. 122. Piracy, p. 123. Cycle of erosion p. 124. General characteristics of topographies developed by river erosion, p. 133. Special features resulting from special conditions of erosion, p. 133. Rate of degradation, p. 138.
Analysis of Erosion p. 140
Weathering, p. 140. Transportation, p. 144. Corrasion, p. 146. Corrosion (solution, etc.), p. 148.
Work of Ground- water p. 202
Chemical, p. 202. Quantitative importance of solution, p. 203. Deposition of mineral matter from solution, p. 205. Mechanical, p. 206.
Results of the Work of Ground- water p. 206
Weathering, p. 206. Caverns, p. 206. Limestone sinks, p. 208. Creep, slumps, and landslides, p. 209. Summary, p. 210.
Glaciers p. 231
General phenomena of, p. 236. Size, p. 237. Movement, p. 238. Likeness and unlikenesses of glaciers and rivers, p. 239. Surface moraines, p. 242. Debris below surface, p. 245. Temperature, p. 245. Compression and friction as causes of heat, p. 248. Summary, p. 249.
The Work of Glaciers p. 251
Erosion and transportation, p. 251. Varied nature of glacial debris, p. 255. Topographic effects of glacial erosion, p. 256. Positions in which debris is carried, p. 258. Wear of drift in transit, p. 262.
Deposition of Drift p. 262
Types of moraines, p. 266. Distinctive nature of glacial deposits, p. 267. Glaciated rock surfaces, p. 268.
The Intimate Structure of Glacier Ice p. 275
Development of ice from snow, p. 275. Structure and arrangement of crystals in glacier ice, p. 278. Probable fundamental element in glacier motion, p. 280. Auxiliary elements, p. 282. Corroborative phenomena, p. 285. Other views of glacier motion. p. 286.
Processes in Operation in the Sea p. 292
Diastrophism, p. 292. Vulcanism, p. 295. Gradation, p. 295. Movements of the sea-water, p. 296. Waves, p. 297. Work of the waves, p. 299. Erosion, p. 299. Wave-erosion and horizontal configuration, p. 306. Transportation, p. 308. Deposition by waves, undertow, and shore-currents, p. 309. Effect of shore-deposition on coastal configuration, p. 314. The work of ocean-currents, p. 315.
Deposits on Ocean-bed p. 316
Shallow-water deposits, p. 317. Chemical and organic deposits in shallow water, p. 323. Limestone, p. 325. Deep-sea deposits, p. 326. Contrasted with shallow-water deposits, p. 326.
General Facts p. 332
Changes taking place in lakes, p. 332. Lacustrine deposits, p. 333. Extinct lakes, p. 334. Salt lakes, p. 335. Origin of lake basins, p. 337.
Minute and Rapid Movements p. 338
Earthquakes, p. 338. The geologic effects of earthquakes, p. 344.
Secular Movements p. 351
Minor movements, p. 354. The great periodic movements, p. 354. Mountain-folding, p. 354. Plateau-forming movements, p. 355. Continent-forming movements, p. 356. Extent of the movements, p. 358. Causes of movements, p. 360. Original distribution of heat, p. 361.
Extrusions p. 369
Fissure eruptions, p. 370. Volcanoes, p. 371. Distribution of volcanoes, p. 372. Relations of volcanoes, p. 376. Products of volcanoes, p. 377. Formation of cones, p. 379. Lavas, p. 383. Volcanic gases, p. 385. The causes of vulcanism, p. 388. Modes of reaching the surface, p. 391. —
General p. 436
Conceptions of the earth’s composition, p. 436. General characteristics of the Archean, p. 440.
Distribution and Local Development of Archean p. 443
Bearing of the Archean on theories of the origin of the earth, p. 446. Earlier views of the Archean, p. 446. Life during the Archeozoic, p. 447. Duration of the Archeozoic, p. 447. Climate, p. 447.
Formations and Physical History p. 448
Stratigraphic relations, p. 448. Subdivisions, p. 450. Proterozoic sedimentation, p. 450. Extent of Proterozoic formations, p. 453. The exposed formations, p. 453. Geographic relations of the exposed Proterozoic to the Archean, p. 455.
Proterozoic of the Lake Superior Region p. 456
The Huronian systems, p. 457. The Keweenawan system, p. 460. General considerations concerning the Lake Superior Proterozoic, p. 467. Sequence of events elsewhere, p. 470.
Proterozioc Rocks in Other Regions p. 471
Cordilleran region, p. 472. Eastern part of the United States, p. 472. Summary, p. 473. In other continents, p. 473.
Formations and Physical History, p. 476
The subdivisions of the Cambrian and their distribution, p. 476. Great submergence during the Cambrian, p. 478. Causes of submergence, p. 479. Basis for subdivision of the Cambrian, p. 481. Sedimentation in the Cambrian period, p. 484. Distribution and outcrops of the Cambrian system, p. 486. Cambrian in other continents, p. 490. Duration of the Cambrian period, p. 493.
The Life of the Cambrian l«i I
Plant fossils, p. 495. Animal fossils, p. 495. Zoological provinces, p. 503. The succession of faunas, p. 504. The abrupt appearance of the Cambrian fauna, p. 505.
Formations and Physical History p. 507
Sedimentation during the Ordovician period, p. 507. Sections of the Ordivician, p. 509. General conditions in the eastern part of the continent, p. 510. Igneous rocks, p. 513. General conditions and relations of the Ordovician system, p. 513. Close of period, p. 515. Economic products, p. 517. Foreign Ordovician, p. 517. Duration and climate, p. 520.
Life p. 521
Edaphic adaptations, p. 522. Provincial modifications, p. 522. Cosmopolitan development, p. 522. Marine life, p. 523. Land life, p. 534.
Formations and Physical Hsitory p. 536
Silurian of the East, p. 537. Silurian of the West, p. 543. Summary, p. 544. Foreign Silurian, p. 546.
Silurian Life p. 546
The transition from the Ordovician, p. 547. The expansional stage of the Mid-Silurian fauna, p. 547. Foreign faunas and migrations, p. 554. The closing restrictional stage, p. 555.
Formations and Physical History p. 559
Devonian of the East, p. 561. Devonian of the West, p. 567. Areas where the Devonian cames to the surface, p. 569. Close of the Devonian, p. 571. Economic products, p. 570. Foreign Devonian, p. 571. Climatic conditions, p. 574.
Devonian Life p. 574
The marine faunas, p. 574. Helderberg fauna, p. 575. Oriskany fauna, p. 577. Onondaga fauna, p. 578. Southern Hamilton fauna, p. 582. Northwestern Hamilton fauna, p. 585. Evidence of geographic connections, p. 586. Later Devonian (Chemung) fauna, p. 586. Devonian fauna in the Great Basin area, p. 587. Life of land waters, p. 588. Land life, p. 592.
Formations and Physical History p. 596
East of the Great Plains, p. 597. In the Great Plains, p. 600. West of the Great Plains, p. 600. General considerations, p. 601. Lower Carboniferous of other continents, p. 603. Climate and duration, p. 606.
The Life of the Mississippian (Subcarboniferous) p. 606
Marine faunas, p. 606. Kinderhook fauna, p. 607. Osage fauna, p. 607. Waverly fauna, p. 611. Great Basin fauna, p. 611. Genevieve (St. Louis-Kaskaskia) fauna, p. 613. Evolution of the fishes in the Mississippian period, p. 617. Land life of the Mississippian, p. 619.
Formations and Physical History p. 620
Pottsville conglomerate (Millstone grit), p. 620. Coal measures, p. 621. Productive coal-fields, p. 624. Coal, p. 630. Extent and relations of coal-beds, p. 637. Varieties of coal, p. 637. Iron ore, p. 638. Geographic conditions in the eastern interior, p. 639. Duration of the period, p. 640. Close of the period, p. 641. Carboniferous formations in other continents, p. 641.
Life of the Pennsylvanian Period p. 643
Plant life, p. 643. Climatic implications of the coal-plants, p. 651. Land animals, p. 652. Fresh-water life, p. 655. Marine life, p. 656.
Formations and Physical History p. 660
East of the Mississippi, p. 660. West of the Mississippi, p. 660. Correlation, p. 662. In Europe, p. 662. Other continents, p. 666. Permian glacial formations, p. 666. Close of the Paleozoic era, p. 668.
Life of the Permian » p. 668
Impoverishment of life, p. 669. Plant life, p. 669. Land animals, p. 672. Fresh-water life, p. 674. Marine fauna, p. 674. Problems of the Permian p. 677
Formations and Physical History p. 678
Eastern Triassic — Newark series, p. 678. In the West, p. 684. On the Pacific slope, p. 685. Climatic conditions, p. 686. Close of the Trias, p. 687. Foreign Triassic, p. 687.
Life of the Triassic Period p. 690
Plant life, p. 691. Land animals, p. 691. Marine life, p. 695.
Formations and Physical History p. 702
Eastern part of the continent, p. 702. Western interior, p. 702. Pacific coast, p. 705. Thickness, p. 707. Surface distribution and position of beds, p. 707. Close of the Jurassic, p. 707. Orogenic movements, p. 707. Foreign Jurassic, p. 708. Jurassic coal, p. 709. Climate, p. 710.
Formations and Physical History p. 728
Atlantic and Gulf Border regions, p. 728. Texas-Mexico region, p. 731. Northern interior, p. 732. Pacific border, p. 733. Close of the Comanchean (Lower Cretaceous) period in North America, p. 735. Lower Cretaceous in other continents, p. 736.
Formations and Physical History p. 742
Atlantic border region, p. 742. Eastern Gulf border, p. 744. Western Gulf region, p. 746. Western interior, p. 746. Pacific coast, p. 752. Close of the period, p. 752. Upper Cretaceous of other continents, p. 755. Climate, p. 759.
Life of the (Upper) Cretaceous p. 759
Land plants, p. 759. Land animals, p. 762. Sea life, p. 765.
Formations and Physical History p. 772
The Eastern coast, p. 774. The Pacific coast, p. 774. The Western interior, p. 776. The Northwest, p. 778. General considerations, p. 778. Close of the Eocene in North America, p. 780. Eocene in other continents, p. 780.
Formations and Physical History . p. 805
Altantic coast, p. 805. Gulf coast, p. 807. Pacific coast, p. 807. Nonmarine deposits, p. 811 . Igneous activity during the Miocene, p. 812. Close of the Miocene, p. 813. Miocene outside North America, p. 815.
Life of the Miocene p. 818
Land plants, p. 818. Land animals, p. 819. Marine life, p. 824. Provincialism dominant, p. 824.
Formations and Physical History p. 828
Lafayette formation, p. 829. Marine Pliocene, p. 835. The Atlantic coast, p. 835. The Pacific coast, p. 835. Crustal movements of the Pliocene, p. 835. Foreign Pliocene, p. 840.
General p. 846
Distribution of glaciation, p. 846. Criteria of glaciation, p. 849. The development and thickness of ice-sheets, p. 861. Stages in the history of an ice-sheet, p. 863.
The Work of an Ice-sheet p. 864
Formations made by the ice-sheets, p. 864. Fluvio-glacial deposits, p. 869. Relations of stratified to unstratified drift, p. 872. Topographic distribution of stratified drift, p. 872. Changes in drainage effected by glaciation, p. 873. The succession of ice invasions, p. 874. The loess, p. 885. Duration of the glacial period, p. 890.
The Cause of the Glacial Period p. 894
Hypsometric hypotheses, p. 895. Astronomic hypotheses, p. 895. Atmospheric hypotheses, p. 898.
Formations Outside the Ice-sheets p. 899
On the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, p. 900. In the interior, p. 904. In the West, p. 905. Igneous rocks, p. 911.
Life of the Pleistocene p. 914
Destructive effects of glaciation, p. 914. To-and-fro migration, p. 914. Climatic adaptations, p. 915. Land life of the interglacial stages in glaciated areas, p. 916. Marine life, p. 917. The terrestrial life of the non-glaciated regions, p. 918. Pleistocene life outside .North America, p. 920. Man in the glacial period, p. 922.
The Present Period Compared With the Pleistocene p. 931
The end of the glacial period, p. 931. The end of the deformation period, p. 931. The channels on the continental borders, p. 933.
Life of the Human Period p. 935
The re-peopling of the glaciated areas, p. 935. The dynasty of man, p. 937. Man as a geological agency, p. 941. Prognostic geology, p. 942.
Reference Table of the Principal Groups of Plants p. 944
Reference Table of the Principal Groups of Animals p. 945