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| POGLAVLJE 60 : URANTIJA TIJEKOM RANE KOPNENE : ERE ŽIVOTA |
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POGLAVLJE 62 : RANE RASE PRAČOVJEKA |
THE MAMMALIAN ERA ON URANTIA
POGLAVLJE 61 : ERA SISAVACA NA URANTIJI
1955 61:0.1 THE era of mammals extends from the times of the origin of placental mammals to the end of the ice age, covering a little less than fifty million years.
2014 61:0.1 DOBA sisavaca se proteže od vremena nastanka posteljičnih sisavaca do kraja ledenog doba i pokriva nešto manje od pedeset milijuna godina.
1955 61:0.2 During this Cenozoic age the world’s landscape presented an attractive appearance—rolling hills, broad valleys, wide rivers, and great forests. Twice during this sector of time the Panama isthmus went up and down; three times the Bering Strait land bridge did the same. The animal types were both many and varied. The trees swarmed with birds, and the whole world was an animal paradise, notwithstanding the incessant struggle of the evolving animal species for supremacy.
2014 61:0.2 Tijekom ovog kenozojskog doba, svjetski krajolik je bio vrlo atraktivan - valoviti brežuljci, prostrane doline, široke rijeke i velike šume. Dva puta tijekom ovog razdoblja, Panamski tjesnac je uzdignut i potopljen; tri puta je kopneni most Beringovog prolaza učinio isto. Životinjske vrste su bile mnogobrojne i raznolike. Stabla su vrvila pticama, a cijeli svijet je bio životinjski raj, bez obzira na stalnu borbu evolucijskih životinjskih vrsta za prevlast.
1955 61:0.3 The accumulated deposits of the five periods of this fifty-million-year era contain the fossil records of the successive mammalian dynasties and lead right up through the times of the actual appearance of man himself.
2014 61:0.3 Akumulirane naslage iz ovog razdoblja od pedeset milijuna godina sadrže fosilne zapise koji svjedoče o slijedu više dinastija sisavaca i vode neposredno do razdoblja istinske pojave samog čovjeka.
¶ 1. NOVA KONTINENTALNA KOPNENA FAZA DOBA RANIH SISAVACA
1. THE NEW CONTINENTAL LAND STAGE
1. NOVA KONTINENTALNA KOPNENA FAZA DOBA RANIH SISAVACA
1955 61:1.1 50,000,000 years ago the land areas of the world were very generally above water or only slightly submerged. The formations and deposits of this period are both land and marine, but chiefly land. For a considerable time the land gradually rose but was simultaneously washed down to the lower levels and toward the seas.
2014 61:1.1 Prije 50 milijuna godina kopnena područja u svijetu su općenito bila iznad vode ili samo malo potopljena. Formacije i naslage ovog razdoblja su kopnene kao i morske, ali uglavnom kopnene. Za dosta vremena kopno je postupno raslo, ali je istovremeno ispirano prema nižim razinama i morima.
1955 61:1.2 Early in this period and in North America the placental type of mammals suddenly appeared, and they constituted the most important evolutionary development up to this time. Previous orders of nonplacental mammals had existed, but this new type sprang directly and suddenly from the pre-existent reptilian ancestor whose descendants had persisted on down through the times of dinosaur decline. The father of the placental mammals was a small, highly active, carnivorous, springing type of dinosaur.
2014 61:1.2 Rano u tom razdoblju u Sjevernoj Americi se iznenadno pojavila posteljična vrsta sisavaca i oni čine najznačajniji evolucijski razvoj do tog vremena. Prethodno je postojala vrsta sisavaca koji nisu imali posteljicu, ali ovaj novi tip je nastao izravno i iznenada iz već postojećih reptilskih predaka čiji potomci su ustrajali do dobi propadanja dinosaura. Otac posteljičnih sisavaca je bio mali, vrlo aktivni, dvonožni mesožder iz reda dinosaura.
1955 61:1.3 Basic mammalian instincts began to be manifested in these primitive mammalian types. Mammals possess an immense survival advantage over all other forms of animal life in that they can:
2014 61:1.3 Osnovni instinkt sisavaca počeo se očitovati u tim primitivnim vrstama sisavaca. Sisavci imaju daleko veću prednost za preživljavanje od svih drugih oblika životinja kako mogu:
1955 61:1.4 1. Bring forth relatively mature and well-developed offspring.
2014 61:1.4 1. Donositi relativno zrelo i dobro razvijeno potomstvo.
1955 61:1.5 2. Nourish, nurture, and protect their offspring with affectionate regard.
2014 61:1.5 2. Brižno hraniti, njegovati i štititi svoje potomke.
2014 61:1.6 3. Uposliti svoje superiorne mozgove u cilju samoodržavanja.
1955 61:1.7 4. Utilize increased agility in escaping from enemies.
2014 61:1.7 4. Koristiti povećanu pokretljivost u bijegu od neprijatelja.
2014 61:1.8 5. Primjeniti superiornu inteligenciju u prilagodbi i adaptaciji okolišu.
1955 61:1.9 45,000,000 years ago the continental backbones were elevated in association with a very general sinking of the coast lines. Mammalian life was evolving rapidly. A small reptilian, egg-laying type of mammal flourished, and the ancestors of the later kangaroos roamed Australia. Soon there were small horses, fleet-footed rhinoceroses, tapirs with proboscises, primitive pigs, squirrels, lemurs, opossums, and several tribes of monkeylike animals. They were all small, primitive, and best suited to living among the forests of the mountain regions. A large ostrichlike land bird developed to a height of ten feet and laid an egg nine by thirteen inches. These were the ancestors of the later gigantic passenger birds that were so highly intelligent, and that onetime transported human beings through the air.
2014 61:1.9 Prije 45 milijuna godina kontinentalne okosnice su bile povišene u vezi s općenitim potonućem obalnih područja. Sisavci su se razvijali brzo. Odlično je napredovao jedan mali gmizavac, vrsta sisavca koja polaže jaja, dok su preci kasnijih klokana lutali Australijom. Uskoro su se pojavili mali konji, brzonogi nosorozi, tapiri sa rilom, primitivne svinje, vjeverice, lemuri, oposumi i nekoliko plemena majmunolikih životinja. Svi su bili mali, primitivni, a najbolje im je odgovarao život u šumama planinskih regija. Velike kopnene ptice slične nojevima dostigle su visinu od tri metra, a lijegale su jaja širine dvedeset tri i duljine trideset tri centimetra. To su bili preci kasnijih ogromnih putničkih ptica koje su bile tako inteligentne da su ih ljudi nekoć koristili za prijevoz zrakom.
1955 61:1.10 The mammals of the early Cenozoic lived on land, under the water, in the air, and among the treetops. They had from one to eleven pairs of mammary glands, and all were covered with considerable hair. In common with the later appearing orders, they developed two successive sets of teeth and possessed large brains in comparison to body size. But among them all no modern forms existed.
2014 61:1.10 Rani kenozojski sisavci živjeli su na kopnu, u vodi, u zraku i u krošnjama. Imali su jedan do jedanaest pari mliječnih žlijezda, a svi su bili prekriveni gustim krznom. Slično kasnijim vrstama, razvili su dva paralelna reda zuba i posjedovali su velike mozgove u odnosu na veličinu tijela. No, među njima svima ne mogu se naći moderni oblici.
1955 61:1.11 40,000,000 years ago the land areas of the Northern Hemisphere began to elevate, and this was followed by new extensive land deposits and other terrestrial activities, including lava flows, warping, lake formation, and erosion.
2014 61:1.11 Prije 40 milijuna godina kopnena područja sjeverne polutke su se počela podizati, što je bilo praćeno deponiranjem opsežnih novih kopnenih naslaga i drugim kopnenim aktivnostima uključujući lavu, uvijanje, formaciju jezera i eroziju.
1955 61:1.12 During the latter part of this epoch most of Europe was submerged. Following a slight land rise the continent was covered by lakes and bays. The Arctic Ocean, through the Ural depression, ran south to connect with the Mediterranean Sea as it was then expanded northward, the highlands of the Alps, Carpathians, Apennines, and Pyrenees being up above the water as islands of the sea. The Isthmus of Panama was up; the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans were separated. North America was connected with Asia by the Bering Strait land bridge and with Europe by way of Greenland and Iceland. The earth circuit of land in northern latitudes was broken only by the Ural Straits, which connected the arctic seas with the enlarged Mediterranean.
2014 61:1.12 U drugom dijelu ove epohe, potopoljen je veći dio Europe. Nakon blagog uzdizanja kopna, kontinent je bio pokriven jezerima i uvalama. Arktički ocean, preko Uralske depresije je na jugu povezan sa Sredozemnim morem koje je tada bilo prošireno na sjever, a gorja Alpa, Karpata, Apenina i Pireneja su bila iznad vode kao otoci u moru. Panamska prevlaka je bila izronila; Atlantski i Tihi oceani su odvojeni. Sjeverna Amerika je povezana sa Azijom kopnenim mostom Beringovog tjesnaca i sa Europom putem Grenlanda i Islanda. Zemljani krug kopna na sjevernim geografskim širinama je prekinut samo na Uralu, koji je povezivao Arktička mora sa proširenim Mediteranom.
1955 61:1.13 Considerable foraminiferal limestone was deposited in European waters. Today this same stone is elevated to a height of 10,000 feet in the Alps, 16,000 feet in the Himalayas, and 20,000 feet in Tibet. The chalk deposits of this period are found along the coasts of Africa and Australia, on the west coast of South America, and about the West Indies.
2014 61:1.13 Znatna formacija foraminiferskog vapnenca je pohranjena u europskim vodama. Danas je taj isti kamen uzdignut na visine od tri tisuće metara u Alpama, preko četiri tisuće osam stotina metara na Himalajima i šest tisuća metara na Tibetu. Naslage krednjaka iz ovog perioda nalaze se duž obala Afrike i Australije, na zapadnoj obali Južne Amerike, te oko Kariba.
1955 61:1.14 Throughout this so-called Eocene period the evolution of mammalian and other related forms of life continued with little or no interruption. North America was then connected by land with every continent except Australia, and the world was gradually overrun by primitive mammalian fauna of various types.
2014 61:1.14 Kroz ovo takozvano razdoblje eocena, evolucija sisavaca i drugih srodnih oblika života se nastavila bilo neprekinuto ili sa malo prekida. Sjeverna Amerika je tada bila povezana kopnom sa svim kontinentima osim Australije i svijet je postupno bio prekriven raznim vrstama primitivnih sisavaca.
¶ 2. SKORIJA POPLAVNA FAZA DOBA NAPREDNIH SISAVACA
2. THE RECENT FLOOD STAGE
2. SKORIJA POPLAVNA FAZA DOBA NAPREDNIH SISAVACA
1955 61:2.1 This period was characterized by the further and rapid evolution of placental mammals, the more progressive forms of mammalian life developing during these times.
2014 61:2.1 To razdoblje je obilježeno daljnjim i brzim razvojem posteljičnih sisavaca, progresivnijih oblika sisavaca koji se razvijaju tijekom tog vremena.
1955 61:2.2 Although the early placental mammals sprang from carnivorous ancestors, very soon herbivorous branches developed, and, erelong, omnivorous mammalian families also sprang up. The angiosperms were the principal food of the rapidly increasing mammals, the modern land flora, including the majority of present-day plants and trees, having appeared during earlier periods.
2014 61:2.2 Iako su rani posteljični sisavci nastali iz mesojednih predaka, vrlo brzo je razvijena biljojedna linija, a uskoro se pojavljuju i svejedeće obitelji sisavaca. Cvijetnjača je glavna hrana brzo povećanog broja sisavaca, kao i moderna kopnena flora, uključujući i većinu današnjih biljka i drveća koji su se javili tijekom ranijih razdoblja.
1955 61:2.3 35,000,000 years ago marks the beginning of the age of placental-mammalian world domination. The southern land bridge was extensive, reconnecting the then enormous Antarctic continent with South America, South Africa, and Australia. In spite of the massing of land in high latitudes, the world climate remained relatively mild because of the enormous increase in the size of the tropic seas, nor was the land elevated sufficiently to produce glaciers. Extensive lava flows occurred in Greenland and Iceland, some coal being deposited between these layers.
2014 61:2.3 Prije 35 milijuna godina počinje dob posteljičnih sisavaca, njihove svjetske dominacije. Južni kopneni most je bio proširen, nanovo povezujući ogromni antarktički kontinent sa Južnom Amerikom, Južnom Afrikom i Australijom. Unatoč masivnog nakupljanja kopna na visokim geografskim širinama, svjetska klima i dalje je bila relativno blaga zbog enormnog povećanja veličine tropskih mora, a kopno nije bilo dovoljno povišeno kako bi dopustilo stvaranje ledenjaka. Opsežno izlijevanje lave dogodilo se na Grenlandu i Islandu, a neki depoziti ugljena su pohranjeni između tih slojeva.
1955 61:2.4 Marked changes were taking place in the fauna of the planet. The sea life was undergoing great modification; most of the present-day orders of marine life were in existence, and foraminifers continued to play an important role. The insect life was much like that of the previous era. The Florissant fossil beds of Colorado belong to the later years of these far-distant times. Most of the living insect families go back to this period, but many then in existence are now extinct, though their fossils remain.
2014 61:2.4 Bitne promjene su se odvijale u fauni vašeg planeta. Morske životinje su prolazile kroz velike izmjene; već je postojala većina današnjih vrsta morskih životinja, a foraminifere su i dalje igrale važnu ulogu. Kukci su ostali uglavnom nepromijenjeni iz prethodnog razdoblja. Fosilni ležajevi Florisanta u Koloradu pripadaju kasnijim godinama ovog dalekog doba. Većina suvremenih obitelji kukaca vuče porijeklo iz tog perioda, ali mnogi tada u postojanju sada su izumrli, iako su njihovi fosili ostali.
1955 61:2.5 On land this was pre-eminently the age of mammalian renovation and expansion. Of the earlier and more primitive mammals, over one hundred species were extinct before this period ended. Even the mammals of large size and small brain soon perished. Brains and agility had replaced armor and size in the progress of animal survival. And with the dinosaur family on the decline, the mammals slowly assumed domination of the earth, speedily and completely destroying the remainder of their reptilian ancestors.
2014 61:2.5 Na kopnu je to bilo prvenstveno eminentno doba obnove i proširenja sisavaca. Od ranijih i primitivnijih sisavaca, preko sto vrsta je izumrlo prije završetka tog perioda. Čak i veliki sisavci sa malim mozgom su uskoro stradali. Mozak i okretnost zauzimaju mjesto oklopa i veličine kao presudni faktori u razvoju životinjskog preživljavanja. A sa propadanjem dinosauruske obitelji, sisavci polako preuzimaju dominaciju na zemlji i brzo i potpuno uništavaju ostatke svojih reptilnih predaka.
1955 61:2.6 Along with the disappearance of the dinosaurs, other and great changes occurred in the various branches of the saurian family. The surviving members of the early reptilian families are turtles, snakes, and crocodiles, together with the venerable frog, the only remaining group representative of man’s earlier ancestors.
2014 61:2.6 Uz nestanak dinosaura, druge i velike promjene su se dogodile u različitim granama gmazovskih obitelji. Preživjeli članovi ranih reptilskih obitelji su kornjače, zmije i krokodili, zajedno sa žabama koje zauzimaju časnu poziciju kao jedini preostali grupni predstavnik čovjekovih ranih predaka.
1955 61:2.7 Various groups of mammals had their origin in a unique animal now extinct. This carnivorous creature was something of a cross between a cat and a seal; it could live on land or in water and was highly intelligent and very active. In Europe the ancestor of the canine family evolved, soon giving rise to many species of small dogs. About the same time the gnawing rodents, including beavers, squirrels, gophers, mice, and rabbits, appeared and soon became a notable form of life, very little change having since occurred in this family. The later deposits of this period contain the fossil remains of dogs, cats, coons, and weasels in ancestral form.
2014 61:2.7 Različite skupine sisavaca vuku porijeklo iz jedne jedinstvene životinje koja je izumrla. To stvorenje je bilo mesožder, nešto kao križanje između mačka i foke; moglo je živjeti na kopnu ili u vodi i bilo je vrlo inteligentno i vrlo aktivno. U Europi je predak pseće obitelji evoluirao i uskoro je vodio pojavi više vrsta malih pasa. Otprilike u isto vrijeme su se pojavili glodavci uključujući dabrove, vjeverice, hrčke, miševe i zečeve i ubrzo su postali značajan oblik života koji se od tada vrlo malo promijenio. Kasnije naslage tog razdoblja sadrže fosilne ostatke pasa, mačaka, rakuna i lasica u njihovom ranom obliku.
1955 61:2.8 30,000,000 years ago the modern types of mammals began to make their appearance. Formerly the mammals had lived for the greater part in the hills, being of the mountainous types; suddenly there began the evolution of the plains or hoofed type, the grazing species, as differentiated from the clawed flesh eaters. These grazers sprang from an undifferentiated ancestor having five toes and forty-four teeth, which perished before the end of the age. Toe evolution did not progress beyond the three-toed stage throughout this period.
2014 61:2.8 Prije 30 milijuna godina moderne vrste sisavaca su se počele javljati. Nekadašnji sisavci živjeli su većim dijelom u brdima, kako su to bila bića planinskog tipa; iznenada dolazi do razvoja ravničarskih ili kopitarnih tipova, vrsta koje su išle na ispašu, za razliku od mesojeda. Ovi preživači su potekli od nediferenciranih predaka koji su imali pet prstiju i četrdeset četiri zuba i koji su doživjeli propast prije kraja ovog doba. Evolucija nožnih prsta nije napredovala dalje od stadija obilježenog pojavom tri nožna prsta tijekom ovog razdoblja.
1955 61:2.9 The horse, an outstanding example of evolution, lived during these times in both North America and Europe, though his development was not fully completed until the later ice age. While the rhinoceros family appeared at the close of this period, it underwent its greatest expansion subsequently. A small hoglike creature also developed which became the ancestor of the many species of swine, peccaries, and hippopotamuses. Camels and llamas had their origin in North America about the middle of this period and overran the western plains. Later, the llamas migrated to South America, the camels to Europe, and soon both were extinct in North America, though a few camels survived up to the ice age.
2014 61:2.9 Konj, izvanredan primjer evolucije, živio je tijekom tog vremena u Sjevernoj Americi i Europi, iako njegov razvoj nije bio u potpunosti dovršen do kasnijeg ledenog doba. Dok se obitelj nosoroga pojavila na kraju ovog razdoblja, doživjela je svoje najveće širenje u kasnijim razdobljima. Mala životinja nalik svinji također se razvila i postala predak mnogih vrsta svinja, pekarija i nilskih konja. Deve i lame vuku porijeklo iz Sjeverne Amerike i oko sredine tog razdoblja ove životinje su se proširile zapadnim ravnicama. Kasnije, lame su migrirale u Južnu Ameriku, deve u Europu, a uskoro su obje vrste bile izumrle u Sjevernoj Americi, iako je manji broj deva uspio preživjeti do ledenog doba.
1955 61:2.10 About this time a notable thing occurred in western North America: The early ancestors of the ancient lemurs first made their appearance. While this family cannot be regarded as true lemurs, their coming marked the establishment of the line from which the true lemurs subsequently sprang.
2014 61:2.10 U to vrijeme značajna pojava se dogodila u zapadnom dijelu Sjeverne Amerike: Prvi put su se javili rani preci drevnih lemura. Iako se ta obitelj ne može smatrati pravim lemurima, njihov dolazak označio je uspostavljanje linije od koje su pravi lemuri naknadno nastali.
1955 61:2.11 Like the land serpents of a previous age which betook themselves to the seas, now a whole tribe of placental mammals deserted the land and took up their residence in the oceans. And they have ever since remained in the sea, yielding the modern whales, dolphins, porpoises, seals, and sea lions.
2014 61:2.11 Kao što se kopnena zmija iz prethodne dobi vratila morima, sada je cijelo pleme posteljičnih sisavaca napustilo kopno i našlo prebivalište u oceanima. Oni su ostali živjeti u moru i bili preci modernim kitovima, dupinima, pliskavicama, fokama i morskim lavovima.
1955 61:2.12 The bird life of the planet continued to develop, but with few important evolutionary changes. The majority of modern birds were existent, including gulls, herons, flamingoes, buzzards, falcons, eagles, owls, quails, and ostriches.
2014 61:2.12 Ptice su se i dalje nastavile razvijati, ali s nekoliko važnih evolucijskih promjena. Već je postojala većina modernih ptica, uključujući i galebove, čaplje, flaminge, jastrebove, sokolove, orlove, sove, prepelice i nojeve.
1955 61:2.13 By the close of this Oligocene period, covering ten million years, the plant life, together with the marine life and the land animals, had very largely evolved and was present on earth much as today. Considerable specialization has subsequently appeared, but the ancestral forms of most living things were then alive.
2014 61:2.13 Do zaključenja ovog oligocenskog razdoblja koje pokriva 10 milijuna godina, biljke, kao i morske i kopnene životinje, u vrlo velikoj mjeri su se razvile i bile prisutne na zemlji kao što su i danas. Značajna specijalizacija se tek naknadno pojavila, ali preci većine današnjih oblika živih bića su tada već postojali.
¶ 3. MODERNA PLANINSKA FAZA DOBA SLONA I KONJA
3. THE MODERN MOUNTAIN STAGE
3. MODERNA PLANINSKA FAZA DOBA SLONA I KONJA
1955 61:3.1 Land elevation and sea segregation were slowly changing the world’s weather, gradually cooling it, but the climate was still mild. Sequoias and magnolias grew in Greenland, but the subtropical plants were beginning to migrate southward. By the end of this period these warm-climate plants and trees had largely disappeared from the northern latitudes, their places being taken by more hardy plants and the deciduous trees.
2014 61:3.1 Uzdizanje terena i odvajanje mora od kopna polako je prouzrokovalo klimatske promjene na svijetu koje su vodile postupnom hlađenju, ali klima je još uvijek bila blaga. Sekvoje i magnolije su rasle na Grenlandu, dok su suptropske biljke počele migrirati prema jugu. Do kraja ovog razdoblja, biljke i drveće iz tople klime u velikoj mjeri su nestale na sjevernim geografskim širinama, a njihova mjesta preuzimaju otpornije biljke i listopadno drveće.
1955 61:3.2 There was a great increase in the varieties of grasses, and the teeth of many mammalian species gradually altered to conform to the present-day grazing type.
2014 61:3.2 Tu dolazi do velikog porasta u broju različitih sorti trava, a zubi mnogih vrsta sisavaca se postupno mijenjaju u skladu s ondašnjim tipom ispaše.
1955 61:3.3 25,000,000 years ago there was a slight land submergence following the long epoch of land elevation. The Rocky Mountain region remained highly elevated so that the deposition of erosion material continued throughout the lowlands to the east. The Sierras were well re-elevated; in fact, they have been rising ever since. The great four-mile vertical fault in the California region dates from this time.
2014 61:3.3 Prije 25 milijuna godina je došlo do neznatnog potapanja kopna nakon duge epohe kopnenog uzdizanja. Regija Stjenjaka i dalje je ostala visoko povišena, tako da se taloženje erozijskog materijala nastavilo u istočnim ravnicama. Siere su ponovno znatno povišene; ustvari, one su od tada ostale u stalnom porastu. Veliki vertikalni tektonski procjep dug šest i pol kilometara u Kaliforniji datira iz tog vremena.
1955 61:3.4 20,000,000 years ago was indeed the golden age of mammals. The Bering Strait land bridge was up, and many groups of animals migrated to North America from Asia, including the four-tusked mastodons, short-legged rhinoceroses, and many varieties of the cat family.
2014 61:3.4 Razdoblje prije 20 milijuna godina bilo je doista zlatno doba sisavaca. Beringov kopneni prolazni most je bio povišen i mnoge skupine životinja su migrirale u Sjevernu Ameriku iz Azije, uključujući i četiri kljovasta mastodonta, kratkonožnog nosoroga i mnoge vrste iz obitelji mačka.
1955 61:3.5 The first deer appeared, and North America was soon overrun by ruminants—deer, oxen, camels, bison, and several species of rhinoceroses—but the giant pigs, more than six feet tall, became extinct.
2014 61:3.5 Pojavio se prvi jelen, a Sjeverna Amerika je uskoro bila pregažena preživačima - jelenom, govedima, devom, bizonom, te s nekoliko vrsta nosoroga - ali divovske svinje, koje su bile više od dva metra, su izumrle.
1955 61:3.6 The huge elephants of this and subsequent periods possessed large brains as well as large bodies, and they soon overran the entire world except Australia. For once the world was dominated by a huge animal with a brain sufficiently large to enable it to carry on. Confronted by the highly intelligent life of these ages, no animal the size of an elephant could have survived unless it had possessed a brain of large size and superior quality. In intelligence and adaptation the elephant is approached only by the horse and is surpassed only by man himself. Even so, of the fifty species of elephants in existence at the opening of this period, only two have survived.
2014 61:3.6 Ogromni slonovi ovog i kasnijih razdoblja su imali velike mozgove kao i velika tijela, i uskoro su zauzeli cijeli svijet osim Australije. Svijetom su dominirale velike životinje sa mozgom dovoljno velikim kako bi se omogućio njihov opstanak. Suočena s vrlo inteligentnim oblicima života koji su vladali u toj dobi, niti jedna životinja veličine slona nije mogla preživjeti ako nije posjedovala mozak velikih dimenzija i vrhunske kvalitete. Po inteligenciji i prilagodbi sa slonom se mogao mjeriti samo konj, a iznad njega nije bio nitko drugi nego li sam čovjek. Čak i pored toga, od pedeset vrsta slonova koji su bili u postojanju na početku tog razdoblja, preživjele su samo dvije vrste.
1955 61:3.7 15,000,000 years ago the mountain regions of Eurasia were rising, and there was some volcanic activity throughout these regions, but nothing comparable to the lava flows of the Western Hemisphere. These unsettled conditions prevailed all over the world.
2014 61:3.7 Prije 15 milijuna godina planinska područja Euroazije rastu i dok je još uvijek bilo neke vulkanske aktivnosti širom tih područja, to nije bilo ništa u usporedbi s lavom koja je tekla na zapadnoj hemisferi. Ovi neizvjesni uvjeti prevladavali su u cijelom svijetu.
1955 61:3.8 The Strait of Gibraltar closed, and Spain was connected with Africa by the old land bridge, but the Mediterranean flowed into the Atlantic through a narrow channel which extended across France, the mountain peaks and highlands appearing as islands above this ancient sea. Later on, these European seas began to withdraw. Still later, the Mediterranean was connected with the Indian Ocean, while at the close of this period the Suez region was elevated so that the Mediterranean became, for a time, an inland salt sea.
2014 61:3.8 Gibraltarska vrata su bila zatvorena, a Španjolska je bila povezana s Afrikom preko starog kopnenog mosta, a Mediteran se ulijevao u Atlantski ocean kroz uski kanal koji se protezao preko Francuske, dok su planinski vrhovi i visoravni djelovali kao otoci iznad ovog drevnog mora. Kasnije, ta europska mora počela su se povlačiti. Još kasnije, Mediteran je povezan s Indijskim oceanom, a na kraju tog razdoblja Sueska regija je povišena tako da je za to vrijeme Mediteransko more postalo unutrašnje slano more.
1955 61:3.9 The Iceland land bridge submerged, and the arctic waters commingled with those of the Atlantic Ocean. The Atlantic coast of North America rapidly cooled, but the Pacific coast remained warmer than at present. The great ocean currents were in function and affected climate much as they do today.
2014 61:3.9 Islandski kopneni most je potopljen, a arktičke vode su pomiješane s vodama Atlantskog oceana. Atlantska obala Sjeverne Amerike se brzo hladila, ali obala Pacifika ostaje toplija nego što je danas. Velike oceanske struje bile su u opticaju i ispoljavale su utjecaj na klimatske promjene onako kako to čine i danas.
1955 61:3.10 Mammalian life continued to evolve. Enormous herds of horses joined the camels on the western plains of North America; this was truly the age of horses as well as of elephants. The horse’s brain is next in animal quality to that of the elephant, but in one respect it is decidedly inferior, for the horse never fully overcame the deep-seated propensity to flee when frightened. The horse lacks the emotional control of the elephant, while the elephant is greatly handicapped by size and lack of agility. During this period an animal evolved which was somewhat like both the elephant and the horse, but it was soon destroyed by the rapidly increasing cat family.
2014 61:3.10 Sisavci su se nastavili razvijati. Ogromnim stadima konja pridružile su se deve na zapadnim ravnicama Sjeverne Amerike; to je doista bilo doba konja i slonova. Konjski mozak je po kvaliteti bolji od slonovskog, ali u jednom pogledu konj je izrazito inferiorn, kako nikada nije u potpunosti svladao duboko ukorijenjenu sklonost da počne bježati kad je uplašen. Konju nedostaje emocionalna kontrola slona, dok je slon uveliko hendikepiran veličinom i nedostkom okretnosti. Tijekom tog razdoblja pojavila se životinja koja nalikovala spoju slona i konja, ali je ubrzo bila uništena usljed brzog širenja mačje obitelji.
1955 61:3.11 As Urantia is entering the so-called “horseless age,” you should pause and ponder what this animal meant to your ancestors. Men first used horses for food, then for travel, and later in agriculture and war. The horse has long served mankind and has played an important part in the development of human civilization.
2014 61:3.11 Kako Urantija danas ulazi u takozvanu "dob bez konja," trebate za trenutak razmisliti što je ta životinja značila vašim precima. Ljudi su prvo koristili konje kao hranu, zatim za putovanje, a kasnije u poljoprivredi i u ratu. Konj je dugo bio sluga čovjeku i igrao važnu ulogu u razvoju ljudske civilizacije.
1955 61:3.12 The biologic developments of this period contributed much toward the setting of the stage for the subsequent appearance of man. In central Asia the true types of both the primitive monkey and the gorilla evolved, having a common ancestor, now extinct. But neither of these species is concerned in the line of living beings which were, later on, to become the ancestors of the human race.
2014 61:3.12 Biološki razvoj tog razdoblja je mnogo doprinio pripremanju pozornice za kasniju pojavu čovjeka. U središnjoj Aziji se razvijaju prave vrste primitivnih majmuna i gorila koje su imale zajedničkog pretka koji je do sada izumro. No, niti jedna od tih vrsta ne ulazi u niz živih bića koja su kasnije postala preci ljudske rase.
1955 61:3.13 The dog family was represented by several groups, notably wolves and foxes; the cat tribe, by panthers and large saber-toothed tigers, the latter first evolving in North America. The modern cat and dog families increased in numbers all over the world. Weasels, martens, otters, and raccoons thrived and developed throughout the northern latitudes.
2014 61:3.13 Obitelj pasa je zastupljena u nekoliko skupina, posebice u vukovima i lisicama; planinske mačke, u panterima i velikim sabljastim tigrovima, od kojih se ovi drugi prvo razvijaju u Sjevernoj Americi. Moderne obitelji mačaka i pasa se povećavaju u broju širom svijeta. Lasice, vidre i rakuni se razvijaju u sjevernijim geografskim širinama.
1955 61:3.14 Birds continued to evolve, though few marked changes occurred. Reptiles were similar to modern types—snakes, crocodiles, and turtles.
2014 61:3.14 Ptice se nastavljaju razvijati, iako dolazi do značajnih promjena. Gmazovi su slični modernim vrstama - to su zmije, krokodili i kornjače.
1955 61:3.15 Thus drew to a close a very eventful and interesting period of the world’s history. This age of the elephant and the horse is known as the Miocene.
2014 61:3.15 Tako se približio kraj vrlo sadržajnog i zanimljivog razdoblja svjetske povijesti. Ovo doba slona i konja je poznato kao miocen.
¶ 4. SKORIJA FAZA KONTINENTALNOG UZVISIVANJA : POSLJEDNJA VELIKA MIGRACIJA SISAVACA
4. THE RECENT CONTINENTAL-ELEVATION STAGE
4. SKORIJA FAZA KONTINENTALNOG UZVISIVANJA : POSLJEDNJA VELIKA MIGRACIJA SISAVACA
1955 61:4.1 This is the period of preglacial land elevation in North America, Europe, and Asia. The land was greatly altered in topography. Mountain ranges were born, streams changed their courses, and isolated volcanoes broke out all over the world.
2014 61:4.1 To je razdoblje predglacialnog uzdizanja kopna u Sjevernoj Americi, Europi i Aziji. Kopno se uveliko razlikovalo od današnjeg u topografiji. Planinski masivi su bili u procesu rađanja, rijeke su mijenjale svoj tok, a izolirani vulkani su izbijali po cijelom svijetu.
1955 61:4.2 10,000,000 years ago began an age of widespread local land deposits on the lowlands of the continents, but most of these sedimentations were later removed. Much of Europe, at this time, was still under water, including parts of England, Belgium, and France, and the Mediterranean Sea covered much of northern Africa. In North America extensive depositions were made at the mountain bases, in lakes, and in the great land basins. These deposits average only about two hundred feet, are more or less colored, and fossils are rare. Two great fresh-water lakes existed in western North America. The Sierras were elevating; Shasta, Hood, and Rainier were beginning their mountain careers. But it was not until the subsequent ice age that North America began its creep toward the Atlantic depression.
2014 61:4.2 Prije 10 milijuna godina počelo je doba rasprostranjenih lokalnih kopnenih naslaga na nizinama kontinenata, ali većina tih sedimenata je kasnije uklonjena. Veći dio Europe, u ovom trenutku, još uvijek je bio pod vodom, uključujući dijelove Engleske, Belgije i Francuske, dok je Sredozemno more pokrivalo veći dio sjeverne Afrike. U Sjevernoj Americi deponirani su opsežni talozi u podnožjima planina, na dnu jezera, te u velikim kopnenim bazenima. Ove naslage prosječno su debele oko šezdeset metara, više ili manje obojene, a fosili su rijetki. Dva velika slatkovodna jezera su postojala na zapadu Sjeverne Amerike. Planinski lanac Siere je bio u podizanju; planine Shasta, Hood i Rainier su dovedene u postojanje. No, Sjeverna Amerika nije započela svoje sporo poniranje prema atlantskom ulegnuću sve do kasnijeg ledenog doba.
1955 61:4.3 For a short time all the land of the world was again joined excepting Australia, and the last great world-wide animal migration took place. North America was connected with both South America and Asia, and there was a free exchange of animal life. Asiatic sloths, armadillos, antelopes, and bears entered North America, while North American camels went to China. Rhinoceroses migrated over the whole world except Australia and South America, but they were extinct in the Western Hemisphere by the close of this period.
2014 61:4.3 Nakratko, svo svjetsko kopno ponovno se spojilo osim Australije, a došlo je i do posljednje velike svjetske migracije životinja. Sjeverna Amerika je bila povezana s Južnom Amerikom i Azijom i tu dolazi do slobodne razmjene životinjskih vrsta. Azijski lijenjivac, tapir, antilope i medvjedi su ušli u Sjevernu Ameriku, a sjevernoameričke deve su otišle u Kinu. Nosorog je migrirao po cijelom svijetu osim Australije i Južne Amerike, ali je došlo do njegovog izumiranja u zapadnoj hemisferi do kraja ovog razdoblja.
1955 61:4.4 In general, the life of the preceding period continued to evolve and spread. The cat family dominated the animal life, and marine life was almost at a standstill. Many of the horses were still three-toed, but the modern types were arriving; llamas and giraffelike camels mingled with the horses on the grazing plains. The giraffe appeared in Africa, having just as long a neck then as now. In South America sloths, armadillos, anteaters, and the South American type of primitive monkeys evolved. Before the continents were finally isolated, those massive animals, the mastodons, migrated everywhere except to Australia.
2014 61:4.4 Općenito, život u prethodnom razdoblju i dalje se razvijao i širio. Mačija obitelj dominirala je životinjskim svijetom, a morski život je bio gotovo u mirovanju. Mnogi konji su još uvijek imali tri nožna prsta, ali sada dolazi do pojave suvremenih tipova; lame i deve koje su nalikovale žirafama mogle su se naći pored konja na ispašnim ravnicama. Žirafa se pojavila u Africi, sa vratom tada kao i sada. U Južnoj Americi ljenjivac, tapir, mravojedi i vrsta primitivnog majmuna su evoluirali. Prije nego su kontinenti konačno izolirani, masivni mastodonti su migrirali svugdje osim u Australiju.
1955 61:4.5 5,000,000 years ago the horse evolved as it now is and from North America migrated to all the world. But the horse had become extinct on the continent of its origin long before the red man arrived.
2014 61:4.5 Prije 5 milijuna godina konj se razvio kakav je sada i iz Sjeverne Amerike migrirao u cijeli svijet. Ali konj je izumro na kontinentu svoga porijekla dugo prije dolaska crvenog čovjeka.
1955 61:4.6 The climate was gradually getting cooler; the land plants were slowly moving southward. At first it was the increasing cold in the north that stopped animal migrations over the northern isthmuses; subsequently these North American land bridges went down. Soon afterwards the land connection between Africa and South America finally submerged, and the Western Hemisphere was isolated much as it is today. From this time forward distinct types of life began to develop in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
2014 61:4.6 Klima je postupno bila sve hladnija; kopnene biljke polako su se povlačile prema jugu. U početku je sve veća hladnoća sjevernih predjela bila to što je zaustavilo životinjsku migracije preko sjevernog tjesnaca; kasnije ovi sjevernoamerički kopneni mostovi tonu. Ubrzo nakon toga kopnena povezanost između Afrike i Južne Amerike je konačno potopljena, a zapadna hemisfera je izolirana kao i danas. Od tada nadalje različite vrste života počele su se razvijati u istočnoj i zapadnoj polutci.
1955 61:4.7 And thus does this period of almost ten million years’ duration draw to a close, and not yet has the ancestor of man appeared. This is the time usually designated as the Pliocene.
2014 61:4.7 I tako se to razdoblje u trajanju od gotovo deset milijuna godina bližilo kraju, a još se nije pojavio predak čovjeka. Ovo je razdoblje obično obilježeno kao pliocen.
¶ 5. RANO LEDENO DOBA
5. THE EARLY ICE AGE
5. RANO LEDENO DOBA
1955 61:5.1 By the close of the preceding period the lands of the northeastern part of North America and of northern Europe were highly elevated on an extensive scale, in North America vast areas rising up to 30,000 feet and more. Mild climates had formerly prevailed over these northern regions, and the arctic waters were all open to evaporation, and they continued to be ice-free until almost the close of the glacial period.
2014 61:5.1 Po završetku prethodnog razdoblja, kopno u sjeveroistočnom dijelu Sjeverne Amerike i sjeverne Europe povišeno je u velikim razmjerama, a u Sjevernoj Americi ogromne površine dostižu i prelaze visinu od devet tisuća metara. Blaga klima je nekoć prevladavala nad tim sjevernim krajevima, a arktičke vode su bile otvorene za isparavanje i nisu bile prekrivene ledom do gotovo završetka ledenog doba.
1955 61:5.2 Simultaneously with these land elevations the ocean currents shifted, and the seasonal winds changed their direction. These conditions eventually produced an almost constant precipitation of moisture from the movement of the heavily saturated atmosphere over the northern highlands. Snow began to fall on these elevated and therefore cool regions, and it continued to fall until it had attained a depth of 20,000 feet. The areas of the greatest depth of snow, together with altitude, determined the central points of subsequent glacial pressure flows. And the ice age persisted just as long as this excessive precipitation continued to cover these northern highlands with this enormous mantle of snow, which soon metamorphosed into solid but creeping ice.
2014 61:5.2 Istodobno s tim kopnenim porastom dolazi do pomicanja oceanskih struja, a sezonski vjetrovi mijenjaju smjer. Ovi uvjeti su na kraju rezultirali gotovo neprestanim oborinama koje su nastale iz kretanja jako zasićene atmosfere iznad sjevernih gorja. Snijeg je počeo padati u tim povišenim i stoga hladnim predjelima i nastavio je padati sve dok nije postigao dubinu od šest tisuća metara. Područja najdubljeg snijega u kombinaciji s nadmorskom visinom, određuju središnje točke kasnije formiranih putanja koje su izdubljene pritiskom pri kretanju ledenjaka. A ledeno doba je potrajalo sve dok su te prekomjerne oborine nastavile zasipati ovo sjeverno gorje sa ovim ogromnim plaštom snijega koji je ubrzo poprimio oblik čvrstog, ali puzajućeg leda.
1955 61:5.3 The great ice sheets of this period were all located on elevated highlands, not in mountainous regions where they are found today. One half of the glacial ice was in North America, one fourth in Eurasia, and one fourth elsewhere, chiefly in Antarctica. Africa was little affected by the ice, but Australia was almost covered with the antarctic ice blanket.
2014 61:5.3 Veliki ledeni pokrovi tog razdoblja su se svi nalazili na povišenim visoravnima, a ne u planinskim područjima gdje se danas nalaze. Polovica ledenjačkog leda je bila smještena u Sjevernoj Americi, četvrtina u Euroaziji, a četvrtina drugdje, najvećim dijelom na Antarktici. Afrika je slabo došla pod utjecaj leda, dok je Australija bila gotovo sasvim prekrivena antarktičkim ledenim plaštom.
1955 61:5.4 The northern regions of this world have experienced six separate and distinct ice invasions, although there were scores of advances and recessions associated with the activity of each individual ice sheet. The ice in North America collected in two and, later, three centers. Greenland was covered, and Iceland was completely buried beneath the ice flow. In Europe the ice at various times covered the British Isles excepting the coast of southern England, and it overspread western Europe down to France.
2014 61:5.4 Sjeverne regije ovoga svijeta su doživjele šest odvojenih i različitih ledenih provala, iako je bilo više desetaka napredaka i povlačenja povezanih sa djelovanjem svake pojedine ledene ploče. Led u Sjevernoj Americi je prikupljen u dva, a kasnije, u tri središta. Grenland je bio pokriven, dok je Island u potpunosti pokopan ispod ledenog toka. U Europi je led u različitim vremenima pokrivao Britansko otočje osim same obale južne Engleske, a razgranao se od zapadne Europe do Francuske.
1955 61:5.5 2,000,000 years ago the first North American glacier started its southern advance. The ice age was now in the making, and this glacier consumed nearly one million years in its advance from, and retreat back toward, the northern pressure centers. The central ice sheet extended south as far as Kansas; the eastern and western ice centers were not then so extensive.
2014 61:5.5 Prije 2 milijuna godina prvi sjevernoamerički ledenjaci započeli su kretanje na jug. To obilježava početak ledenog doba, a ti su ledenjaci nastavili svoje napredovanje tijekom skoro milijun godina, kad su se počeli povlačiti natrag, prema sjevernim centrima pritiska. Središnja ledena ploča se južno produžila do Kanzasa; istočni i zapadni ledenjački centri tada nisu bili tako opsežni.
1955 61:5.6 1,500,000 years ago the first great glacier was retreating northward. In the meantime, enormous quantities of snow had been falling on Greenland and on the northeastern part of North America, and erelong this eastern ice mass began to flow southward. This was the second invasion of the ice.
2014 61:5.6 Prije 1,5 milijuna godina prvi veliki glečeri su bili u povlačenju prema sjeveru. U međuvremenu, ogromne količine snijega su pale na Grenlandu i na sjeveroistočnom dijelu Sjeverne Amerike, a uskoro je taj masivni istočni led počeo teći prema jugu. To je bila druga invazija leda.
1955 61:5.7 These first two ice invasions were not extensive in Eurasia. During these early epochs of the ice age North America was overrun with mastodons, woolly mammoths, horses, camels, deer, musk oxen, bison, ground sloths, giant beavers, saber-toothed tigers, sloths as large as elephants, and many groups of the cat and dog families. But from this time forward they were rapidly reduced in numbers by the increasing cold of the glacial period. Toward the close of the ice age the majority of these animal species were extinct in North America.
2014 61:5.7 Ove prve dvije ledene invazije nisu bile opsežne u Euroaziji. Tijekom tih ranih epoha ledenog doba, Sjeverna Amerika je bila preplavljena mastodontima, dlakavim mamutima, konjima, devama, jelenima, mošusnim volovima, bizonima, kopnenim ljenjivcima, divovskim dabrovima, sabljastim tigrovima, ljenjivcima koji su bili veliki kao slonovi i mnogim skupinama mačije i pasije obitelji. No, iz tog vremena oni su brzo smanjeni u broju usljed povećanja hladnoće ledenog doba. Pred kraj ledenog doba većina tih životinjskih vrsta je izumrla u Sjevernoj Americi.
1955 61:5.8 Away from the ice the land and water life of the world was little changed. Between the ice invasions the climate was about as mild as at present, perhaps a little warmer. The glaciers were, after all, local phenomena, though they spread out to cover enormous areas. The coastwise climate varied greatly between the times of glacial inaction and those times when enormous icebergs were sliding off the coast of Maine into the Atlantic, slipping out through Puget Sound into the Pacific, and thundering down Norwegian fiords into the North Sea.
2014 61:5.8 Na stranu od leda, malo je promijenjena flora i fauna kopna i mora. Između razdoblja glacijalnog širenja, klima je bila blaga kao danas, možda malo toplija. Ledenjaci su, naposljetku, bili lokalne pojave, iako su se širili i prekrili ogromna područja. Obalna klima varirala je između velikih razdoblja glacijalnog mirovanja i perioda kada su ogromne sante leda klizile sa obala Maine u Atlantski ocean, kroz Puget Sound u Tihi ocean i munjevito se spuštale Norveškim fjordovima u Sjeverno more.
¶ 6. PRIMITIVNI ČOVJEK U LEDENOM DOBU
6. PRIMITIVE MAN IN THE ICE AGE
6. PRIMITIVNI ČOVJEK U LEDENOM DOBU
1955 61:6.1 The great event of this glacial period was the evolution of primitive man. Slightly to the west of India, on land now under water and among the offspring of Asiatic migrants of the older North American lemur types, the dawn mammals suddenly appeared. These small animals walked mostly on their hind legs, and they possessed large brains in proportion to their size and in comparison with the brains of other animals. In the seventieth generation of this order of life a new and higher group of animals suddenly differentiated. These new mid-mammals—almost twice the size and height of their ancestors and possessing proportionately increased brain power—had only well established themselves when the Primates, the third vital mutation, suddenly appeared. (At this same time, a retrograde development within the mid-mammal stock gave origin to the simian ancestry; and from that day to this the human branch has gone forward by progressive evolution, while the simian tribes have remained stationary or have actually retrogressed.)
2014 61:6.1 Veliki događaj ovog ledenog doba bio je evolucija primitivnog čovjeka
[1]. Malo prema zapadu od Indije, na kopnu koje je sada pod vodom i među potomstvom azijskih migranata starijih sjevernoameričkih lemurskih vrsta, iznenada se javljaju najraniji čovjekoliki sisavci. Te male životinje su hodale uglavnom na stražnjim nogama i posjedovale veliki mozak u odnosu na svoju veličinu i u odnosu na mozgove drugih životinja. U sedamdesetoj generaciji ovog reda života nova i viša skupina životinja iznenada je diferencirana. Ovi novi srednji sisavci - gotovo dvostruko veći i viši od svojih predaka i sa proporcionalno povećanim mozgom - tek su se dobro utemeljili kad je došlo do pojave primata, treće vitalne mutacije koja se iznenada pojavila. (U to isto vrijeme, retrogradni razvoj srednje vrste sisavaca je dao podrijetlo majmunima; a od tada do današnjih dana ljudski ogranak je napredovao progresivnom evolucijom, dok su plemena majmuna stagnirala ili zapravo nazadovala.)
1955 61:6.2 1,000,000 years ago Urantia was registered as an inhabited world. A mutation within the stock of the progressing Primates suddenly produced two primitive human beings, the actual ancestors of mankind.
2014 61:6.2 Prije milijun godina Urantija je registrirana kao naseljeni svijet. Mutacija u soju napredujućih primata je iznenada proizvela dva primitivna ljudska bića, stvarne pretke čovječanstva.
1955 61:6.3 This event occurred at about the time of the beginning of the third glacial advance; thus it may be seen that your early ancestors were born and bred in a stimulating, invigorating, and difficult environment. And the sole survivors of these Urantia aborigines, the Eskimos, even now prefer to dwell in frigid northern climes.
2014 61:6.3 Ovaj događaj se dogodio na početku trećeg ledenog doba; tako da se može vidjeti da su vaši rani preci rođeni i podignuti u poticajnom, osnažujućem i teškom okolišu. A jedini od tih starosjedilaca Urantije koji su preživjeli do danas - Eskimi - još uvijek vole boraviti u ledenim sjevernim podnebljima.
1955 61:6.4 Human beings were not present in the Western Hemisphere until near the close of the ice age. But during the interglacial epochs they passed westward around the Mediterranean and soon overran the continent of Europe. In the caves of western Europe may be found human bones mingled with the remains of both tropic and arctic animals, testifying that man lived in these regions throughout the later epochs of the advancing and retreating glaciers.
2014 61:6.4 Ljudska bića nisu bila prisutna u zapadnoj hemisferi do blizu završetka ledenog doba. No, tijekom interglacijalnog razdoblja su prošli prema zapadu oko Mediterana i ubrzo pregazili europski kontinent. U spiljama zapadne Europe mogu se naći ljudske kosti pomiješane s ostacima tropskih i arktičkih životinja, što svjedoči činjenici da je čovjek živio na ovim prostorima tijekom kasnijih epoha širenja i otapanja ledenjaka.
¶ 7. NASTAVAK LEDENOG DOBA
7. THE CONTINUING ICE AGE
7. NASTAVAK LEDENOG DOBA
1955 61:7.1 Throughout the glacial period other activities were in progress, but the action of the ice overshadows all other phenomena in the northern latitudes. No other terrestrial activity leaves such characteristic evidence on the topography. The distinctive boulders and surface cleavages, such as potholes, lakes, displaced stone, and rock flour, are to be found in connection with no other phenomenon in nature. The ice is also responsible for those gentle swells, or surface undulations, known as drumlins. And a glacier, as it advances, displaces rivers and changes the whole face of the earth. Glaciers alone leave behind them those telltale drifts—the ground, lateral, and terminal moraines. These drifts, particularly the ground moraines, extend from the eastern seaboard north and westward in North America and are found in Europe and Siberia.
2014 61:7.1 Tijekom ledenog doba druge aktivnosti su bile u tijeku, ali djelovanje leda zasjenjuje sve ostale pojave u sjevernim predjelima. Niti jedna druga zemaljska aktivnost nije za sobom ostavila takav karakteristične topografske tragove. Karakteristične gromade i površinski rascjepi kao što su rupe, jezera, gurnuto kamenje i kamenjasti pijesak, ne mogu se naći u vezi sa bilo kojim drugim pojavama u prirodi. Led je također odgovoran za te pitome ili površinske valove koji su poznati kao brežuljaste humke. A kako su se ledenjaci širili, tako su potiskivali rijeke i mijenjali lice cijele zemlje. Samo ledenjaci ostavljaju iza sebe ove vidljive nanose - površinske, horizontalne i terminalne morename. Ovi nanosi, a posebno površinske morename, šire se od istočne morske obale prema sjeveru i zapadu u Sjevernoj Americi a nalaze se i u Europi i Sibiru.
1955 61:7.2 750,000 years ago the fourth ice sheet, a union of the North American central and eastern ice fields, was well on its way south; at its height it reached to southern Illinois, displacing the Mississippi River fifty miles to the west, and in the east it extended as far south as the Ohio River and central Pennsylvania.
2014 61:7.2 Prije 750 tisuća godina četvrta ledena ploča, koja povezuje sjevernoameričko središnje i istočno ledeno polje, dobro je uznapredovala na jug; u svojoj najdaljoj točki dostiže jugozapadni Ilinois, što je potisnulo rijeku Mississippi pedeset kilometara na zapad, a na istoku dostiže na krajnjem jugu rijeku Ohio i središnju Pensilvaniju.
1955 61:7.3 In Asia the Siberian ice sheet made its southernmost invasion, while in Europe the advancing ice stopped just short of the mountain barrier of the Alps.
2014 61:7.3 U Aziji, Sibirski led je napravio svoj najdublji južni prodor, dok je u Europi zaustavljeno napredovanje leda u samoj blizini planinske barijere Alpa.
1955 61:7.4 500,000 years ago, during the fifth advance of the ice, a new development accelerated the course of human evolution. Suddenly and in one generation the six colored races mutated from the aboriginal human stock. This is a doubly important date since it also marks the arrival of the Planetary Prince.
2014 61:7.4 Prije 500.000 godina, tijekom petog širenja leda, novi razvoj je ubrzao tijek ljudske evolucije. Iznenada i u jednoj generaciji dolazi do mutacije šest obojenih rasa u izvornoj ljudskoj lozi. To je dvostruko važan datum, budući da također obilježava dolazak Planetarnog Kneza.
1955 61:7.5 In North America the advancing fifth glacier consisted of a combined invasion by all three ice centers. The eastern lobe, however, extended only a short distance below the St. Lawrence valley, and the western ice sheet made little southern advance. But the central lobe reached south to cover most of the state of Iowa. In Europe this invasion of the ice was not so extensive as the preceding one.
2014 61:7.5 U Sjevernoj Americi napreduje peti ledenjak koji se sastojao od kombinacije sva tri glacijalna centra. Istočni režanj, međutim, proširen je samo na kratku udaljenost ispod doline St. Lawrence, a zapadna ledena ploča se pomakla samo malo južnije. No, središnji režanj je stigao na jug i pokrio većinu države Iowa. U Europi to napredovanje leda nije bio toliko opsežno kao prethodno.
1955 61:7.6 250,000 years ago the sixth and last glaciation began. And despite the fact that the northern highlands had begun to sink slightly, this was the period of greatest snow deposition on the northern ice fields.
2014 61:7.6 Prije 250.000 godina počela je šesta i posljednja glacijacija. I unatoč činjenici da su sjeverne planine počele malo tonuti, ovo je razdoblje najvećeg taloženja snijega na sjevernim ledenim poljima.
1955 61:7.7 In this invasion the three great ice sheets coalesced into one vast ice mass, and all of the western mountains participated in this glacial activity. This was the largest of all ice invasions in North America; the ice moved south over fifteen hundred miles from its pressure centers, and North America experienced its lowest temperatures.
2014 61:7.7 U ovom napredovanju, tri velika ledenjaka ujedinila su se u jednu ogromnu ledenu masu i sve zapadne planine su obuhvaćene ovim širenjem leda. To je najveća od svih ledenih provala u Sjevernoj Americi; led se proširio na jug preko dvije tisuće četristo kilometara od svojih centara pritiska i Sjeverna Amerika je doživjela svoje najniže temperature.
1955 61:7.8 200,000 years ago, during the advance of the last glacier, there occurred an episode which had much to do with the march of events on Urantia—the Lucifer rebellion.
2014 61:7.8 Prije 200.000 godina, za vrijeme širenja posljednjeg ledenjaka, dolazi do epizode koja je usko povezana s budućim događajima na Urantiji - Luciferove pobune.
1955 61:7.9 150,000 years ago the sixth and last glacier reached its farthest points of southern extension, the western ice sheet crossing just over the Canadian border; the central coming down into Kansas, Missouri, and Illinois; the eastern sheet advancing south and covering the greater portion of Pennsylvania and Ohio.
2014 61:7.9 Prije 150.000 godina šesti i posljednji glečer dosegao je najudaljenije točke južnog proširenja, kad je zapadna ledena ploča prešla kanadsku granicu; središnja je sišla u Kanzas, Missouri i Ilinois; istočni krak je napredovao južno i obuhvatio veći dio Pensilvanije i Ohaja.
1955 61:7.10 This is the glacier that sent forth the many tongues, or ice lobes, which carved out the present-day lakes, great and small. During its retreat the North American system of Great Lakes was produced. And Urantian geologists have very accurately deduced the various stages of this development and have correctly surmised that these bodies of water did, at different times, empty first into the Mississippi valley, then eastward into the Hudson valley, and finally by a northern route into the St. Lawrence. It is thirty-seven thousand years since the connected Great Lakes system began to empty out over the present Niagara route.
2014 61:7.10 To je glečer čiji su mnogi kraci ili ledeni režnjevi isklesali udubljenja današnjih velikih i malih jezera. Tijekom povlačenja stvoren je sjevernoamerički sustav Velikih Jezera. Geolozi Urantije imaju vrlo preciznu predstavu o kronologiji različitih faza ovog razvoja i ispravno zaključuju da su se te vodene mase u različitim vremenima praznile najprije u dolinu Mississippija, kasnije prema istoku u dolinu Hudsona, a na kraju sjevernom rutom u dolinu St. Lawrence. Prošlo je trideset sedam tisuća godina prije nego se spojeni sustav Velikih Jezera počeo prazniti preko ove Niagarine rute.
1955 61:7.11 100,000 years ago, during the retreat of the last glacier, the vast polar ice sheets began to form, and the center of ice accumulation moved considerably northward. And as long as the polar regions continue to be covered with ice, it is hardly possible for another glacial age to occur, regardless of future land elevations or modification of ocean currents.
2014 61:7.11 Prije 100.000 godina, tijekom povlačenja posljednjih ledenjaka, počeo se formirati veliki polarni ledenjak, dok se središte ledene akumulacije preselilo znatno sjevernije. I dok su polarne regije i dalje ostale prekrivene ledom, teško je moguće da se moglo dogoditi još koje ledeno doba, bez obzira na buduće kopnene visine ili izmjenu morskih struja.
1955 61:7.12 This last glacier was one hundred thousand years advancing, and it required a like span of time to complete its northern retreat. The temperate regions have been free from the ice for a little over fifty thousand years.
2014 61:7.12 Ovaj posljednji ledenjak je napredovao sto tisuća godina, a bilo je potrebno jednako vremensko razdoblje za dovršetak njegovog povlačenja na sjever. Umjerene regije su bile bez leda nešto više od pedeset tisuća godina.
1955 61:7.13 The rigorous glacial period destroyed many species and radically changed numerous others. Many were sorely sifted by the to-and-fro migration which was made necessary by the advancing and retreating ice. Those animals which followed the glaciers back and forth over the land were the bear, bison, reindeer, musk ox, mammoth, and mastodon.
2014 61:7.13 Rigorozno ledeno doba je uništilo mnoge vrste i radikalno promijenilo brojne druge. Mnoge su prorijeđene do krajnosti migriranjem amo-tamo zbog napredovanja i povlačenja leda. Životinje koje su pratile napredovanje i povlačenje ledenjaka preko kopna su medvjed, bizon, sob, muflon, mamut i mastodont.
1955 61:7.14 The mammoth sought the open prairies, but the mastodon preferred the sheltered fringes of the forest regions. The mammoth, until a late date, ranged from Mexico to Canada; the Siberian variety became wool covered. The mastodon persisted in North America until exterminated by the red man much as the white man later killed off the bison.
2014 61:7.14 Mamut je tražio otvorene prerije, dok je mastodont želio zaštićene rubove šumskih regija. Mamut je do kasnijeg razdoblja živio na području od Meksika do Kanade; razne sibirske životinje su postale pokrivene vunom. Mastodont je ustrajao u Sjevernoj Americi dok ga nije istrijebio crveni čovjek na isti način kako je bijeli čovjek kasnije dokrajčio bizone.
1955 61:7.15 In North America, during the last glaciation, the horse, tapir, llama, and saber-toothed tiger became extinct. In their places sloths, armadillos, and water hogs came up from South America.
2014 61:7.15 U Sjevernoj Americi, tijekom posljednje glacijacije, izumrli su konji, tapiri, lame i sabljasti tigrovi. Na njihova mjesta su došli ljenjivci, armadilosi i vodene svinje iz Južne Amerike.
1955 61:7.16 The enforced migration of life before the advancing ice led to an extraordinary commingling of plants and of animals, and with the retreat of the final ice invasion, many arctic species of both plants and animals were left stranded high upon certain mountain peaks, whither they had journeyed to escape destruction by the glacier. And so, today, these dislocated plants and animals may be found high up on the Alps of Europe and even on the Appalachian Mountains of North America.
2014 61:7.16 Prisilna migracija flore i faune pred širenjem leda je dovela do izvanrednog miješanja različitih biljaka i životinja, a usljed povlačenja posljednje glacijalne invazije, mnoge arktičke vrste biljaka i životinja su ostale zarobljene visoko u određenim planinskim gorjima, kamo su se zaputili bježeći od ubitačnih ledenjaka. I tako se danas te dislocirane biljke i životinje mogu naći visoko na Alpama u Europi, pa čak i na Apalači planinama Sjeverne Amerike.
1955 61:7.17 The ice age is the last completed geologic period, the so-called Pleistocene, over two million years in length.
2014 61:7.17 Ledeno doba je posljednje završeno geološko razdoblje, takozvanipleistocen, koje je trajalo više od dva milijuna godina.
1955 61:7.18 35,000 years ago marks the termination of the great ice age excepting in the polar regions of the planet. This date is also significant in that it approximates the arrival of a Material Son and Daughter and the beginning of the Adamic dispensation, roughly corresponding to the beginning of the Holocene or postglacial period.
2014 61:7.18 Razdoblje prije 35.000 godina označava prestanak velikog ledenog doba osim u polarnim područjima vašeg planeta. Ovaj datum je značajan po tome što približno odgovara dolasku Materijalnog Sina i Kćeri i početku adamičkog doba, a otprilike se podudara s početkom holocena ili postglacijalnog razdoblja.
1955 61:7.19 This narrative, extending from the rise of mammalian life to the retreat of the ice and on down to historic times, covers a span of almost fifty million years. This is the last—the current—geologic period and is known to your researchers as the Cenozoic or recent-times era.
2014 61:7.19 Ova priča - koja govori o razdoblju od pojave sisavaca do povlačenja leda i koja dalje vodi do povijesnih vremena - pokriva raspon od gotovo pedeset milijuna godina. Ovo je posljednje - suvremeno - geološko razdoblje, a poznato je vašim istraživačima kao kenozoj ili suvremeno doba.
1955 61:7.20 [Sponsored by a Resident Life Carrier.]
2014 61:7.20 Pod pokroviteljstvom Nositelja Života koji prebiva na Urantiji.
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¶ Reference
¶ Biblija
- ↑ 61:6.1 Rani čovjek: Post 1:26-27; Post 2:7.