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| Paper 70. The Evolution of Human Government |
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Paper 72. Government on a Neighboring Planet |
DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATE
1955 SRT 71:0.1 THE state is a useful evolution of civilization; it represents society’s net gain from the ravages and sufferings of war. Even statecraft is merely the accumulated technique for adjusting the competitive contest of force between the struggling tribes and nations.
[1]
[1]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:0.1 THE state is a useful evolution of civilization; it represents society’s net gain from the ravages and sufferings of war. Even statecraft is merely the accumulated technique for adjusting the competitive contest of force between the struggling tribes and nations.
1955 SRT 71:0.2 The modern state is the institution which survived in the long struggle for group power. Superior power eventually prevailed, and it produced a creature of fact—the state—together with the moral myth of the absolute obligation of the citizen to live and die for the state. But the state is not of divine genesis; it was not even produced by volitionally intelligent human action; it is purely an evolutionary institution and was wholly automatic in origin.[2][2][3]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:0.2 The modern state is the institution which survived in the long struggle for group power. Superior power eventually prevailed, and it produced a creature of fact—the state—together with the moral myth of the absolute obligation of the citizen to live and die for the state. But the state is not of divine genesis; it was not even produced by volitionally intelligent human action; it is purely an evolutionary institution and was wholly automatic in origin.
¶ 1. THE EMBRYONIC STATE
1. THE EMBRYONIC STATE
1. THE EMBRYONIC STATE
1955 SRT 71:1.2 The early states were small and were all the result of conquest. They did not originate in voluntary associations. Many were founded by conquering nomads, who would swoop down on peaceful herders or settled agriculturists to overpower and enslave them. Such states, resulting from conquest, were, perforce, stratified; classes were inevitable, and class struggles have ever been selective.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:1.2 The early states were small and were all the result of conquest. They did not originate in voluntary associations. Many were founded by conquering nomads, who would swoop down on peaceful herders or settled agriculturists to overpower and enslave them. Such states, resulting from conquest, were, perforce, stratified; classes were inevitable, and class struggles have ever been selective.
1955 SRT 71:1.3 The northern tribes of the American red men never attained real statehood. They never progressed beyond a loose confederation of tribes, a very primitive form of state. Their nearest approach was the Iroquois federation, but this group of six nations never quite functioned as a state and failed to survive because of the absence of certain essentials to modern national life, such as:[3][4]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:1.3 The northern tribes of the American red men never attained real statehood. They never progressed beyond a loose confederation of tribes, a very primitive form of state. Their nearest approach was the Iroquois federation, but this group of six nations never quite functioned as a state and failed to survive because of the absence of certain essentials to modern national life, such as:
1955 SRT 71:1.4 1. Acquirement and inheritance of private property.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:1.4 1. Acquirement and inheritance of private property.
1955 SRT 71:1.5 2. Cities plus agriculture and industry.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:1.5 2. Cities plus agriculture and industry.
1955 SRT 71:1.10 7. Enslavement of captives—they either adopted or massacred them.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:1.10 7. Enslavement of captives—they either adopted or massacred them.
1955 SRT 71:1.12 The red men were too democratic; they had a good government, but it failed. Eventually they would have evolved a state had they not prematurely encountered the more advanced civilization of the white man, who was pursuing the governmental methods of the Greeks and the Romans.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:1.12 The red men were too democratic; they had a good government, but it failed. Eventually they would have evolved a state had they not prematurely encountered the more advanced civilization of the white man, who was pursuing the governmental methods of the Greeks and the Romans.
1955 SRT 71:1.13 The successful Roman state was based on:
1955 ORIGINAL 71:1.13 The successful Roman state was based on:
1955 SRT 71:1.15 2. Agriculture and the domestication of animals.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:1.15 2. Agriculture and the domestication of animals.
1955 SRT 71:1.16 3. Condensation of population—cities.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:1.16 3. Condensation of population—cities.
1955 SRT 71:1.17 4. Private property and land.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:1.17 4. Private property and land.
1955 SRT 71:1.18 5. Slavery—classes of citizenship.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:1.18 5. Slavery—classes of citizenship.
1955 SRT 71:1.19 6. Conquest and reorganization of weak and backward peoples.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:1.19 6. Conquest and reorganization of weak and backward peoples.
1955 SRT 71:1.21 8. Personal and strong rulers.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:1.21 8. Personal and strong rulers.
1955 SRT 71:1.22 The great weakness in Roman civilization, and a factor in the ultimate collapse of the empire, was the supposed liberal and advanced provision for the emancipation of the boy at twenty-one and the unconditional release of the girl so that she was at liberty to marry a man of her own choosing or to go abroad in the land to become immoral. The harm to society consisted not in these reforms themselves but rather in the sudden and extensive manner of their adoption. The collapse of Rome indicates what may be expected when a state undergoes too rapid extension associated with internal degeneration.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:1.22 The great weakness in Roman civilization, and a factor in the ultimate collapse of the empire, was the supposed liberal and advanced provision for the emancipation of the boy at twenty-one and the unconditional release of the girl so that she was at liberty to marry a man of her own choosing or to go abroad in the land to become immoral. The harm to society consisted not in these reforms themselves but rather in the sudden and extensive manner of their adoption. The collapse of Rome indicates what may be expected when a state undergoes too rapid extension associated with internal degeneration.
1955 SRT 71:1.23 The embryonic state was made possible by the decline of the blood bond in favor of the territorial, and such tribal federations were usually firmly cemented by conquest. While a sovereignty that transcends all minor struggles and group differences is the characteristic of the true state, still, many classes and castes persist in the later state organizations as remnants of the clans and tribes of former days. The later and larger territorial states had a long and bitter struggle with these smaller consanguineous clan groups, the tribal government proving a valuable transition from family to state authority. During later times many clans grew out of trades and other industrial associations.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:1.23 The embryonic state was made possible by the decline of the blood bond in favor of the territorial, and such tribal federations were usually firmly cemented by conquest. While a sovereignty that transcends all minor struggles and group differences is the characteristic of the true state, still, many classes and castes persist in the later state organizations as remnants of the clans and tribes of former days. The later and larger territorial states had a long and bitter struggle with these smaller consanguineous clan groups, the tribal government proving a valuable transition from family to state authority. During later times many clans grew out of trades and other industrial associations.
1955 SRT 71:1.24 Failure of state integration results in retrogression to prestate conditions of governmental techniques, such as the feudalism of the European Middle Ages. During these dark ages the territorial state collapsed, and there was a reversion to the small castle groups, the reappearance of the clan and tribal stages of development. Similar semistates even now exist in Asia and Africa, but not all of them are evolutionary reversions; many are the embryonic nucleuses of states of the future.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:1.24 Failure of state integration results in retrogression to prestate conditions of governmental techniques, such as the feudalism of the European Middle Ages. During these dark ages the territorial state collapsed, and there was a reversion to the small castle groups, the reappearance of the clan and tribal stages of development. Similar semistates even now exist in Asia and Africa, but not all of them are evolutionary reversions; many are the embryonic nucleuses of states of the future.
¶ 2. THE EVOLUTION OF REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT
2. THE EVOLUTION OF REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT
2. THE EVOLUTION OF REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT
1955 SRT 71:2.1 Democracy, while an ideal, is a product of civilization, not of evolution. Go slowly! select carefully! for the dangers of democracy are:[6][7][8][9][10][11][2][3]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:2.1 Democracy, while an ideal, is a product of civilization, not of evolution. Go slowly! select carefully! for the dangers of democracy are:
1955 SRT 71:2.2 1. Glorification of mediocrity.[2][9]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:2.2 1. Glorification of mediocrity.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:2.3 2. Choice of base and ignorant rulers.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:2.4 3. Failure to recognize the basic facts of social evolution.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:2.6 5. Slavery to public opinion; the majority is not always right.
1955 SRT 71:2.7 Public opinion, common opinion, has always delayed society; nevertheless, it is valuable, for, while retarding social evolution, it does preserve civilization. Education of public opinion is the only safe and true method of accelerating civilization; force is only a temporary expedient, and cultural growth will increasingly accelerate as bullets give way to ballots. Public opinion, the mores, is the basic and elemental energy in social evolution and state development, but to be of state value it must be nonviolent in expression.[9][2][3][4]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:2.7 Public opinion, common opinion, has always delayed society; nevertheless, it is valuable, for, while retarding social evolution, it does preserve civilization. Education of public opinion is the only safe and true method of accelerating civilization; force is only a temporary expedient, and cultural growth will increasingly accelerate as bullets give way to ballots. Public opinion, the mores, is the basic and elemental energy in social evolution and state development, but to be of state value it must be nonviolent in expression.
1955 SRT 71:2.8 The measure of the advance of society is directly determined by the degree to which public opinion can control personal behavior and state regulation through nonviolent expression. The really civilized government had arrived when public opinion was clothed with the powers of personal franchise. Popular elections may not always decide things rightly, but they represent the right way even to do a wrong thing. Evolution does not at once produce superlative perfection but rather comparative and advancing practical adjustment.[9][10][12][13][4]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:2.8 The measure of the advance of society is directly determined by the degree to which public opinion can control personal behavior and state regulation through nonviolent expression. The really civilized government had arrived when public opinion was clothed with the powers of personal franchise. Popular elections may not always decide things rightly, but they represent the right way even to do a wrong thing. Evolution does not at once produce superlative perfection but rather comparative and advancing practical adjustment.
1955 SRT 71:2.9 There are ten steps, or stages, to the evolution of a practical and efficient form of representative government, and these are:[9][13][3]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:2.9 There are ten steps, or stages, to the evolution of a practical and efficient form of representative government, and these are:
1955 SRT 71:2.10 1. Freedom of the person. Slavery, serfdom, and all forms of human bondage must disappear.[2][9]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:2.10 1. Freedom of the person. Slavery, serfdom, and all forms of human bondage must disappear.
1955 SRT 71:2.13 4. Freedom of speech. Representative government is unthinkable without freedom of all forms of expression for human aspirations and opinions.[9][13]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:2.13 4. Freedom of speech. Representative government is unthinkable without freedom of all forms of expression for human aspirations and opinions.
1955 SRT 71:2.14 5. Security of property. No government can long endure if it fails to provide for the right to enjoy personal property in some form. Man craves the right to use, control, bestow, sell, lease, and bequeath his personal property.[9][14]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:2.14 5. Security of property. No government can long endure if it fails to provide for the right to enjoy personal property in some form. Man craves the right to use, control, bestow, sell, lease, and bequeath his personal property.
1955 SRT 71:2.15 6. The right of petition. Representative government assumes the right of citizens to be heard. The privilege of petition is inherent in free citizenship.[9]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:2.15 6. The right of petition. Representative government assumes the right of citizens to be heard. The privilege of petition is inherent in free citizenship.
1955 SRT 71:2.16 7. The right to rule. It is not enough to be heard; the power of petition must progress to the actual management of the government.[9]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:2.16 7. The right to rule. It is not enough to be heard; the power of petition must progress to the actual management of the government.
1955 SRT 71:2.17 8. Universal suffrage. Representative government presupposes an intelligent, efficient, and universal electorate. The character of such a government will ever be determined by the character and caliber of those who compose it. As civilization progresses, suffrage, while remaining universal for both sexes, will be effectively modified, regrouped, and otherwise differentiated.[9]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:2.17 8. Universal suffrage. Representative government presupposes an intelligent, efficient, and universal electorate. The character of such a government will ever be determined by the character and caliber of those who compose it. As civilization progresses, suffrage, while remaining universal for both sexes, will be effectively modified, regrouped, and otherwise differentiated.
1955 SRT 71:2.18 9. Control of public servants. No civil government will be serviceable and effective unless the citizenry possess and use wise techniques of guiding and controlling officeholders and public servants.[9]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:2.18 9. Control of public servants. No civil government will be serviceable and effective unless the citizenry possess and use wise techniques of guiding and controlling officeholders and public servants.
1955 SRT 71:2.19 10. Intelligent and trained representation. The survival of democracy is dependent on successful representative government; and that is conditioned upon the practice of electing to public offices only those individuals who are technically trained, intellectually competent, socially loyal, and morally fit. Only by such provisions can government of the people, by the people, and for the people be preserved.[9][15]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:2.19 10. Intelligent and trained representation. The survival of democracy is dependent on successful representative government; and that is conditioned upon the practice of electing to public offices only those individuals who are technically trained, intellectually competent, socially loyal, and morally fit. Only by such provisions can government of the people, by the people, and for the people be preserved.
¶ 3. THE IDEALS OF STATEHOOD
3. THE IDEALS OF STATEHOOD
3. THE IDEALS OF STATEHOOD
1955 SRT 71:3.1 The political or administrative form of a government is of little consequence provided it affords the essentials of civil progress—liberty, security, education, and social co-ordination. It is not what a state is but what it does that determines the course of social evolution. And after all, no state can transcend the moral values of its citizenry as exemplified in their chosen leaders. Ignorance and selfishness will insure the downfall of even the highest type of government.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:3.1 The political or administrative form of a government is of little consequence provided it affords the essentials of civil progress—liberty, security, education, and social co-ordination. It is not what a state is but what it does that determines the course of social evolution. And after all, no state can transcend the moral values of its citizenry as exemplified in their chosen leaders. Ignorance and selfishness will insure the downfall of even the highest type of government.
1955 SRT 71:3.2 Much as it is to be regretted, national egotism has been essential to social survival. The chosen people doctrine has been a prime factor in tribal welding and nation building right on down to modern times. But no state can attain ideal levels of functioning until every form of intolerance is mastered; it is everlastingly inimical to human progress. And intolerance is best combated by the co-ordination of science, commerce, play, and religion.[16]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:3.2 Much as it is to be regretted, national egotism has been essential to social survival. The chosen people doctrine has been a prime factor in tribal welding and nation building right on down to modern times. But no state can attain ideal levels of functioning until every form of intolerance is mastered; it is everlastingly inimical to human progress. And intolerance is best combated by the co-ordination of science, commerce, play, and religion.
1955 SRT 71:3.3 The ideal state functions under the impulse of three mighty and co-ordinated drives:[2]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:3.3 The ideal state functions under the impulse of three mighty and co-ordinated drives:
1955 SRT 71:3.4 1. Love loyalty derived from the realization of human brotherhood.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:3.4 1. Love loyalty derived from the realization of human brotherhood.
1955 SRT 71:3.5 2. Intelligent patriotism based on wise ideals.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:3.5 2. Intelligent patriotism based on wise ideals.
1955 SRT 71:3.6 3. Cosmic insight interpreted in terms of planetary facts, needs, and goals.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:3.6 3. Cosmic insight interpreted in terms of planetary facts, needs, and goals.
1955 SRT 71:3.7 The laws of the ideal state are few in number, and they have passed out of the negativistic taboo age into the era of the positive progress of individual liberty consequent upon enhanced self-control. The exalted state not only compels its citizens to work but also entices them into profitable and uplifting utilization of the increasing leisure which results from toil liberation by the advancing machine age. Leisure must produce as well as consume.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:3.7 The laws of the ideal state are few in number, and they have passed out of the negativistic taboo age into the era of the positive progress of individual liberty consequent upon enhanced self-control. The exalted state not only compels its citizens to work but also entices them into profitable and uplifting utilization of the increasing leisure which results from toil liberation by the advancing machine age. Leisure must produce as well as consume.
1955 SRT 71:3.9 A moral society should aim to preserve the self-respect of its citizenry and afford every normal individual adequate opportunity for self-realization. Such a plan of social achievement would yield a cultural society of the highest order. Social evolution should be encouraged by governmental supervision which exercises a minimum of regulative control. That state is best which co-ordinates most while governing least.[2][23][24][25]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:3.9 A moral society should aim to preserve the self-respect of its citizenry and afford every normal individual adequate opportunity for self-realization. Such a plan of social achievement would yield a cultural society of the highest order. Social evolution should be encouraged by governmental supervision which exercises a minimum of regulative control. That state is best which co-ordinates most while governing least.
1955 SRT 71:3.10 The ideals of statehood must be attained by evolution, by the slow growth of civic consciousness, the recognition of the obligation and privilege of social service. At first men assume the burdens of government as a duty, following the end of the administration of political spoilsmen, but later on they seek such ministry as a privilege, as the greatest honor. The status of any level of civilization is faithfully portrayed by the caliber of its citizens who volunteer to accept the responsibilities of statehood.[3]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:3.10 The ideals of statehood must be attained by evolution, by the slow growth of civic consciousness, the recognition of the obligation and privilege of social service. At first men assume the burdens of government as a duty, following the end of the administration of political spoilsmen, but later on they seek such ministry as a privilege, as the greatest honor. The status of any level of civilization is faithfully portrayed by the caliber of its citizens who volunteer to accept the responsibilities of statehood.
1955 SRT 71:3.12 In advanced states, political service is esteemed as the highest devotion of the citizenry. The greatest ambition of the wisest and noblest of citizens is to gain civil recognition, to be elected or appointed to some position of governmental trust, and such governments confer their highest honors of recognition for service upon their civil and social servants. Honors are next bestowed in the order named upon philosophers, educators, scientists, industrialists, and militarists. Parents are duly rewarded by the excellency of their children, and purely religious leaders, being ambassadors of a spiritual kingdom, receive their real rewards in another world.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:3.12 In advanced states, political service is esteemed as the highest devotion of the citizenry. The greatest ambition of the wisest and noblest of citizens is to gain civil recognition, to be elected or appointed to some position of governmental trust, and such governments confer their highest honors of recognition for service upon their civil and social servants. Honors are next bestowed in the order named upon philosophers, educators, scientists, industrialists, and militarists. Parents are duly rewarded by the excellency of their children, and purely religious leaders, being ambassadors of a spiritual kingdom, receive their real rewards in another world.
¶ 4. PROGRESSIVE CIVILIZATION
4. PROGRESSIVE CIVILIZATION
4. PROGRESSIVE CIVILIZATION
1955 SRT 71:4.1 Economics, society, and government must evolve if they are to remain. Static conditions on an evolutionary world are indicative of decay; only those institutions which move forward with the evolutionary stream persist.[1][29][2]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:4.1 Economics, society, and government must evolve if they are to remain. Static conditions on an evolutionary world are indicative of decay; only those institutions which move forward with the evolutionary stream persist.
1955 SRT 71:4.2 The progressive program of an expanding civilization embraces:[30][3]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:4.2 The progressive program of an expanding civilization embraces:
1955 ORIGINAL 71:4.3 1. Preservation of individual liberties.
1955 SRT 71:4.5 3. Promotion of economic security.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:4.5 3. Promotion of economic security.
1955 SRT 71:4.9 7. Profitable utilization of leisure.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:4.9 7. Profitable utilization of leisure.
1955 SRT 71:4.12 10. Promotion of science and art.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:4.12 10. Promotion of science and art.
1955 SRT 71:4.13 11. Promotion of philosophy—wisdom.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:4.13 11. Promotion of philosophy—wisdom.
1955 SRT 71:4.14 12. Augmentation of cosmic insight—spirituality.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:4.14 12. Augmentation of cosmic insight—spirituality.
1955 SRT 71:4.15 And this progress in the arts of civilization leads directly to the realization of the highest human and divine goals of mortal endeavor—the social achievement of the brotherhood of man and the personal status of God-consciousness, which becomes revealed in the supreme desire of every individual to do the will of the Father in heaven.[31]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:4.15 And this progress in the arts of civilization leads directly to the realization of the highest human and divine goals of mortal endeavor—the social achievement of the brotherhood of man and the personal status of God-consciousness, which becomes revealed in the supreme desire of every individual to do the will of the Father in heaven.
1955 SRT 71:4.16 The appearance of genuine brotherhood signifies that a social order has arrived in which all men delight in bearing one another’s burdens; they actually desire to practice the golden rule. But such an ideal society cannot be realized when either the weak or the wicked lie in wait to take unfair and unholy advantage of those who are chiefly actuated by devotion to the service of truth, beauty, and goodness. In such a situation only one course is practical: The “golden rulers” may establish a progressive society in which they live according to their ideals while maintaining an adequate defense against their benighted fellows who might seek either to exploit their pacific predilections or to destroy their advancing civilization.[32][33][1][5]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:4.16 The appearance of genuine brotherhood signifies that a social order has arrived in which all men delight in bearing one another’s burdens; they actually desire to practice the golden rule. But such an ideal society cannot be realized when either the weak or the wicked lie in wait to take unfair and unholy advantage of those who are chiefly actuated by devotion to the service of truth, beauty, and goodness. In such a situation only one course is practical: The “golden rulers” may establish a progressive society in which they live according to their ideals while maintaining an adequate defense against their benighted fellows who might seek either to exploit their pacific predilections or to destroy their advancing civilization.
1955 SRT 71:4.17 Idealism can never survive on an evolving planet if the idealists in each generation permit themselves to be exterminated by the baser orders of humanity. And here is the great test of idealism: Can an advanced society maintain that military preparedness which renders it secure from all attack by its war-loving neighbors without yielding to the temptation to employ this military strength in offensive operations against other peoples for purposes of selfish gain or national aggrandizement? National survival demands preparedness, and religious idealism alone can prevent the prostitution of preparedness into aggression. Only love, brotherhood, can prevent the strong from oppressing the weak.[34][1][2][3]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:4.17 Idealism can never survive on an evolving planet if the idealists in each generation permit themselves to be exterminated by the baser orders of humanity. And here is the great test of idealism: Can an advanced society maintain that military preparedness which renders it secure from all attack by its war-loving neighbors without yielding to the temptation to employ this military strength in offensive operations against other peoples for purposes of selfish gain or national aggrandizement? National survival demands preparedness, and religious idealism alone can prevent the prostitution of preparedness into aggression. Only love, brotherhood, can prevent the strong from oppressing the weak.
¶ 5. THE EVOLUTION OF COMPETITION
5. THE EVOLUTION OF COMPETITION
5. THE EVOLUTION OF COMPETITION
1955 SRT 71:5.1 Competition is essential to social progress, but competition, unregulated, breeds violence. In current society, competition is slowly displacing war in that it determines the individual’s place in industry, as well as decreeing the survival of the industries themselves. (Murder and war differ in their status before the mores, murder having been outlawed since the early days of society, while war has never yet been outlawed by mankind as a whole.)[4]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:5.1 Competition is essential to social progress, but competition, unregulated, breeds violence. In current society, competition is slowly displacing war in that it determines the individual’s place in industry, as well as decreeing the survival of the industries themselves. (Murder and war differ in their status before the mores, murder having been outlawed since the early days of society, while war has never yet been outlawed by mankind as a whole.)
1955 SRT 71:5.2 The ideal state undertakes to regulate social conduct only enough to take violence out of individual competition and to prevent unfairness in personal initiative. Here is a great problem in statehood: How can you guarantee peace and quiet in industry, pay the taxes to support state power, and at the same time prevent taxation from handicapping industry and keep the state from becoming parasitical or tyrannical?[2][3][4][5]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:5.2 The ideal state undertakes to regulate social conduct only enough to take violence out of individual competition and to prevent unfairness in personal initiative. Here is a great problem in statehood: How can you guarantee peace and quiet in industry, pay the taxes to support state power, and at the same time prevent taxation from handicapping industry and keep the state from becoming parasitical or tyrannical?
1955 SRT 71:5.3 Throughout the earlier ages of any world, competition is essential to progressive civilization. As the evolution of man progresses, co-operation becomes increasingly effective. In advanced civilizations co-operation is more efficient than competition. Early man is stimulated by competition. Early evolution is characterized by the survival of the biologically fit, but later civilizations are the better promoted by intelligent co-operation, understanding fraternity, and spiritual brotherhood.[34][35][36][37][38][4]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:5.3 Throughout the earlier ages of any world, competition is essential to progressive civilization. As the evolution of man progresses, co-operation becomes increasingly effective. In advanced civilizations co-operation is more efficient than competition. Early man is stimulated by competition. Early evolution is characterized by the survival of the biologically fit, but later civilizations are the better promoted by intelligent co-operation, understanding fraternity, and spiritual brotherhood.
1955 SRT 71:5.4 True, competition in industry is exceedingly wasteful and highly ineffective, but no attempt to eliminate this economic lost motion should be countenanced if such adjustments entail even the slightest abrogation of any of the basic liberties of the individual.[4]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:5.4 True, competition in industry is exceedingly wasteful and highly ineffective, but no attempt to eliminate this economic lost motion should be countenanced if such adjustments entail even the slightest abrogation of any of the basic liberties of the individual.
¶ 6. THE PROFIT MOTIVE
6. THE PROFIT MOTIVE
6. THE PROFIT MOTIVE
1955 SRT 71:6.1 Present-day profit-motivated economics is doomed unless profit motives can be augmented by service motives. Ruthless competition based on narrow-minded self-interest is ultimately destructive of even those things which it seeks to maintain. Exclusive and self-serving profit motivation is incompatible with Christian ideals—much more incompatible with the teachings of Jesus.[34][40][41][42][43][44][45][1][3][4][5]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:6.1 Present-day profit-motivated economics is doomed unless profit motives can be augmented by service motives. Ruthless competition based on narrow-minded self-interest is ultimately destructive of even those things which it seeks to maintain. Exclusive and self-serving profit motivation is incompatible with Christian ideals—much more incompatible with the teachings of Jesus.
1955 SRT 71:6.2 In economics, profit motivation is to service motivation what fear is to love in religion. But the profit motive must not be suddenly destroyed or removed; it keeps many otherwise slothful mortals hard at work. It is not necessary, however, that this social energy arouser be forever selfish in its objectives.[41][42][43][45][1][2][4]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:6.2 In economics, profit motivation is to service motivation what fear is to love in religion. But the profit motive must not be suddenly destroyed or removed; it keeps many otherwise slothful mortals hard at work. It is not necessary, however, that this social energy arouser be forever selfish in its objectives.
1955 SRT 71:6.3 The profit motive of economic activities is altogether base and wholly unworthy of an advanced order of society; nevertheless, it is an indispensable factor throughout the earlier phases of civilization. Profit motivation must not be taken away from men until they have firmly possessed themselves of superior types of nonprofit motives for economic striving and social serving—the transcendent urges of superlative wisdom, intriguing brotherhood, and excellency of spiritual attainment.[22][41][44][45][1][3][4]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:6.3 The profit motive of economic activities is altogether base and wholly unworthy of an advanced order of society; nevertheless, it is an indispensable factor throughout the earlier phases of civilization. Profit motivation must not be taken away from men until they have firmly possessed themselves of superior types of nonprofit motives for economic striving and social serving—the transcendent urges of superlative wisdom, intriguing brotherhood, and excellency of spiritual attainment.
¶ 7. EDUCATION
7. EDUCATION
7. EDUCATION
1955 SRT 71:7.2 In the ideal state, education continues throughout life, and philosophy sometime becomes the chief pursuit of its citizens. The citizens of such a commonwealth pursue wisdom as an enhancement of insight into the significance of human relations, the meanings of reality, the nobility of values, the goals of living, and the glories of cosmic destiny.[49][50][51][6][7][8]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:7.2 In the ideal state, education continues throughout life, and philosophy sometime becomes the chief pursuit of its citizens. The citizens of such a commonwealth pursue wisdom as an enhancement of insight into the significance of human relations, the meanings of reality, the nobility of values, the goals of living, and the glories of cosmic destiny.
1955 SRT 71:7.3 Urantians should get a vision of a new and higher cultural society. Education will jump to new levels of value with the passing of the purely profit-motivated system of economics. Education has too long been localistic, militaristic, ego exalting, and success seeking; it must eventually become world-wide, idealistic, self-realizing, and cosmic grasping.[52][4]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:7.3 Urantians should get a vision of a new and higher cultural society. Education will jump to new levels of value with the passing of the purely profit-motivated system of economics. Education has too long been localistic, militaristic, ego exalting, and success seeking; it must eventually become world-wide, idealistic, self-realizing, and cosmic grasping.
1955 SRT 71:7.4 Education recently passed from the control of the clergy to that of lawyers and businessmen. Eventually it must be given over to the philosophers and the scientists. Teachers must be free beings, real leaders, to the end that philosophy, the search for wisdom, may become the chief educational pursuit.[50][53][4][8]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:7.4 Education recently passed from the control of the clergy to that of lawyers and businessmen. Eventually it must be given over to the philosophers and the scientists. Teachers must be free beings, real leaders, to the end that philosophy, the search for wisdom, may become the chief educational pursuit.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:7.7 2. The realization of meanings.
1955 SRT 71:7.12 7. Cosmic insight—spiritual discernment.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:7.12 7. Cosmic insight—spiritual discernment.
1955 SRT 71:7.13 And then, by means of these achievements, many will ascend to the mortal ultimate of mind attainment, God-consciousness.[58]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:7.13 And then, by means of these achievements, many will ascend to the mortal ultimate of mind attainment, God-consciousness.
¶ 8. THE CHARACTER OF STATEHOOD
8. THE CHARACTER OF STATEHOOD
8. THE CHARACTER OF STATEHOOD
1955 SRT 71:8.1 The only sacred feature of any human government is the division of statehood into the three domains of executive, legislative, and judicial functions. The universe is administered in accordance with such a plan of segregation of functions and authority. Aside from this divine concept of effective social regulation or civil government, it matters little what form of state a people may elect to have provided the citizenry is ever progressing toward the goal of augmented self-control and increased social service. The intellectual keenness, economic wisdom, social cleverness, and moral stamina of a people are all faithfully reflected in statehood.[61]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:8.1 The only sacred feature of any human government is the division of statehood into the three domains of executive, legislative, and judicial functions. The universe is administered in accordance with such a plan of segregation of functions and authority. Aside from this divine concept of effective social regulation or civil government, it matters little what form of state a people may elect to have provided the citizenry is ever progressing toward the goal of augmented self-control and increased social service. The intellectual keenness, economic wisdom, social cleverness, and moral stamina of a people are all faithfully reflected in statehood.
1955 SRT 71:8.2 The evolution of statehood entails progress from level to level, as follows:[13][2][3]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:8.2 The evolution of statehood entails progress from level to level, as follows:
1955 SRT 71:8.3 1. The creation of a threefold government of executive, legislative, and judicial branches.[2][57]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:8.3 1. The creation of a threefold government of executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
1955 SRT 71:8.4 2. The freedom of social, political, and religious activities.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:8.4 2. The freedom of social, political, and religious activities.
1955 SRT 71:8.8 6. The proper adjustment between local and national governments.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:8.8 6. The proper adjustment between local and national governments.
1955 SRT 71:8.9 7. The fostering of science and the conquest of disease.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:8.9 7. The fostering of science and the conquest of disease.
1955 SRT 71:8.10 8. The due recognition of sex equality and the co-ordinated functioning of men and women in the home, school, and church, with specialized service of women in industry and government.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:8.10 8. The due recognition of sex equality and the co-ordinated functioning of men and women in the home, school, and church, with specialized service of women in industry and government.
1955 SRT 71:8.11 9. The elimination of toiling slavery by machine invention and the subsequent mastery of the machine age.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:8.11 9. The elimination of toiling slavery by machine invention and the subsequent mastery of the machine age.
1955 SRT 71:8.13 11. The ending of war—international adjudication of national and racial differences by continental courts of nations presided over by a supreme planetary tribunal automatically recruited from the periodically retiring heads of the continental courts. The continental courts are authoritative; the world court is advisory—moral.
1955 ORIGINAL 71:8.13 11. The ending of war—international adjudication of national and racial differences by continental courts of nations presided over by a supreme planetary tribunal automatically recruited from the periodically retiring heads of the continental courts. The continental courts are authoritative; the world court is advisory—moral.
1955 SRT 71:8.14 12. The world-wide vogue of the pursuit of wisdom—the exaltation of philosophy. The evolution of a world religion, which will presage the entrance of the planet upon the earlier phases of settlement in light and life.[59][60][64]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:8.14 12. The world-wide vogue of the pursuit of wisdom—the exaltation of philosophy. The evolution of a world religion, which will presage the entrance of the planet upon the earlier phases of settlement in light and life.
1955 SRT 71:8.15 These are the prerequisites of progressive government and the earmarks of ideal statehood. Urantia is far from the realization of these exalted ideals, but the civilized races have made a beginning—mankind is on the march toward higher evolutionary destinies.[60][61][65]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:8.15 These are the prerequisites of progressive government and the earmarks of ideal statehood. Urantia is far from the realization of these exalted ideals, but the civilized races have made a beginning—mankind is on the march toward higher evolutionary destinies.
1955 SRT 71:8.16 [Sponsored by a Melchizedek of Nebadon.]
1955 ORIGINAL 71:8.16 [Sponsored by a Melchizedek of Nebadon.]
| Paper 70. The Evolution of Human Government |
Index
Single version |
Paper 72. Government on a Neighboring Planet |
¶ References
¶ Articles
- ↑ 71:0.1: #1; ↑ 71:4.1: #1. Society Evolving: Chaos, Progres , and Order, Lawrence Schkade, Fellowship Herald, 2015
- ↑ 71:0.2: #1; ↑ 71:2.10: #1; ↑ 71:2.2: #1; ↑ 71:2.3: #1; ↑ 71:2.4: #1; ↑ 71:2.5: #1; ↑ 71:2.6: #1; ↑ 71:3.11: #1; ↑ 71:3.3: #1; ↑ 71:3.9: #1; ↑ 71:4.3: #1; ↑ 71:7.1: #1; ↑ 71:7.5: #1; ↑ 71:8.3: #1. The ideal state!, Claude Flibotte, Reflectivite, 2024
- ↑ 71:1.3: #1. The Urantian — Summer 1984 Issue, Neal Waldrop, The Urantian, 1984
- ↑ 71:1.3: #1. Convergences and divergences: agriculture, Santiago Rodríguez, Luz y Vida, 2015
- ↑ 71:1.14: #1; ↑ 71:1.7: #1. Gender Studies, Halbert Katzen, JD, 2023
- ↑ 71:2.1: #1. Our Christian civilization is in danger, André Chappuis, Le Lien, 2013
- ↑ 71:2.1: #1. My thoughts on true and false freedom in the world, Claude Flibotte, Reflectivite, 2023
- ↑ 71:2.1: #1. Evolution of the human being, Jean Lapierre, Reflectivite, 2023
- ↑ 71:2.1: #1; ↑ 71:2.10: #1; ↑ 71:2.11: #1; ↑ 71:2.12: #1; ↑ 71:2.13: #1; ↑ 71:2.14: #1; ↑ 71:2.15: #1; ↑ 71:2.16: #1; ↑ 71:2.17: #1; ↑ 71:2.18: #1; ↑ 71:2.19: #1; ↑ 71:2.2: #1; ↑ 71:2.3: #1; ↑ 71:2.4: #1; ↑ 71:2.5: #1; ↑ 71:2.6: #1, #2; ↑ 71:2.7: #1; ↑ 71:2.8: #1; ↑ 71:2.9: #1. On freedom and the mode of evolution of civilization, Jean Royer, Le Lien, 2014
- ↑ 71:2.1: #1, #2; ↑ 71:2.8: #1, #2. Democracy, Jean Royer, Le Lien, 2001
- ↑ 71:2.1: #1. Réflectivité — Issue 366 — April 2023, Gaétan G. Charland, Zshonette Reed, Jean Des Lierres, Gaétan Charland, Jean Lapierre, Claude Flibotte, Éric Tarissan, André Pominville, Reflectivite, 2023
- ↑ 71:2.8: #1. Le Lien Urantien — Issue 17 — Spring 2001, Séverin Desbuisson, Jean Royer, Guy Bourhis, Jean-François Drouet, Dominique Ronfet, Jean-Claude Romeuf, Christine Baussain, Le Lien, 2001
- ↑ 71:2.11: #1; ↑ 71:2.13: #1; ↑ 71:2.8: #1; ↑ 71:2.9: #1; ↑ 71:8.2: #1. Saints, Prophets, Seers, and Heralds: Who is who, what is what, when, and why?, Halbert Katzen, JD, 2023
- ↑ 71:2.14: #1. The Mighty Messenger — Spring 2006 Issue, Avi Dogim, Meredith J. Sprunger, Peter Laurence, Mighty Messenger, 1997
- ↑ 71:2.19: #1. The Mighty Messenger — Spring 2003 Issue, The Urantia Book Fellowship, Mighty Messenger, 2003
- ↑ 71:3.2: #1. The Challenges of Diversity, Marion Steward, The Arena, 2021
- ↑ 71:3.8: #1. Ethical Eugenics: A Modest Proposal For The 21st Century, Charles Montgomery, Fellowship Herald, 2001
- ↑ 71:3.8: #1. The Biological Improvement of Humanity, Claude Castel, Le Lien, 2007
- ↑ 71:3.8: #1. Eugenics and the Urantia Papers — Land Mines, Dick Bain, Journal, 2003
- ↑ 71:3.8: #1, #2. Genetic Introductions, Mutations, and Evolution: a Urantia Book perspective, Halbert Katzen, JD, 2023
- ↑ 71:3.8: #1. Eugenics: A controversial issue, Carmelo Martíne, Olga López, Eduardo Altuzarra, Santiago Rodríguez and Andrés Pérez, Luz y Vida, 2014
- ↑ 71:3.8: #1; ↑ 71:6.3: #1; ↑ 71:7: #1. Urantia’s Unrevealed Destiny, Neal Waldrop, Journal, 2023
- ↑ 71:3.9: #1. Six-0-Six Newsletter — Tenth Anniversary — February 1990, Neil Francey, Madeline Noordzy, et al, 6-0-6, 1990
- ↑ 71:3.9: #1. Eugenics and the Urantia Papers — A Different View, Larry and Joan Mullins, Journal, 2003
- ↑ 71:3.9: #1. Urantian — News from Urantia Foundation — May 1993, Urantia Foundation, Urantian News, 1993
- ↑ 71:4: #1. Vancouver Canada 2020, International Urantia Association (IUA), Tidings, 2019
- ↑ 71:4: #1. Lifting Together, The Urantia Book Fellowship, Mighty Messenger, 2019
- ↑ 71:4: #1. Urantia Global Experience 2020 UPDATE, The Urantia Book Fellowship, Mighty Messenger, 2020
- ↑ 71:4.1: #1. Disease and Immunity in Relation to the Urantia Book, Susan Hemmingsen, The Arena, 2020
- ↑ 71:4.2: #1. The Ethics of Genetic Control and Social Engineering, Charles Laurence Olivea, Fellowship Herald, 2000
- ↑ 71:4.15: #1. IUA Journal — No. 2 / June 1999, Gary Farr, Peep Söber, Francois Dupont, Travis Binion, Jeffrey Wattles, Journal, 1999
- ↑ 71:4.16: #1. True and False Freedom, Gaétan Charland, Reflectivite, 2023
- ↑ 71:4.16: #1. Another and Greater John (or Joan) the Baptist, Tom Allen, Fellowship Herald, 2022
- ↑ 71:4.17: #1; ↑ 71:5.3: #1; ↑ 71:6.1: #1. Future of Urantia according to the UB, Carmelo Martínez, Luz y Vida, 2007
- ↑ 71:5.3: #1. Unity And Harmony, Eileen Laurence, The Urantian, 1980
- ↑ 71:5.3: #1. IUA Conference in Helsinki, Georges Michelson-Dupont, Urantian News, 1998
- ↑ 71:5.3: #1. Translations and Unity, Georges Michelson-Dupont, Urantia Foundation News Online, 2017
- ↑ 71:5.3: #1. Urantian — News from Urantia Foundation — May 1996, Urantia Foundation, Urantian News, 1996
- ↑ 71:6: #1. Letters, Chilufya M.K.Tompson, Study Group Herald, 1993
- ↑ 71:6.1: #1. The Turning Point — Part II, Arthur Nash, Journal, 2002
- ↑ 71:6.1: #1; ↑ 71:6.2: #1; ↑ 71:6.3: #1. My favorite paragraph, Francisco Javier Santos Castilla, Luz y Vida, 2024
- ↑ 71:6.1: #1; ↑ 71:6.2: #1. Spiritual Perspectives In The Workplace, Gayle and Jim Moravec, The Urantian, 1986
- ↑ 71:6.1: #1; ↑ 71:6.2: #1. Spiritual Perspectives in the Workplace, James Moravec, Journal, 1995
- ↑ 71:6.1: #1; ↑ 71:6.3: #1. The Service Motive Emerging, Larry Mullins, Journal, 1993
- ↑ 71:6.1: #1; ↑ 71:6.2: #1; ↑ 71:6.3: #1. Luz y Vida — March 2024 — Newsletter, Olga López, Luz y Vida, 2024
- ↑ 71:7.1: #1. Is The Milky Way Galaxy The Seventh Superuniverse Of Orvonton?, Frank Wright, 6-0-6, 1989
- ↑ 71:7.1: #1. IUA Journal — No. 1 / March 1997, Cathy Jones, David Elders, Nancy C. Shaffer, Jeffrey Wattles, James Woodward, Jerry Prentice, Bob Slagle, Dorothy Elder, Journal, 1999
- ↑ 71:7.1: #1; ↑ 71:7.5: #1. Education and the Family, Jerry Prentice, Journal, 1999
- ↑ 71:7.2: #1. Attention! The infamous Caligastia is everywhere!, Claude Flibotte, Reflectivite, 2023
- ↑ 71:7.2: #1; ↑ 71:7.4: #1. On the importance of philosophy, François Audet, Reflectivite, 2024
- ↑ 71:7.2: #1. Réflectivité — Issue 364 — February 2023, Gaétan G. Charland, André Desjardins, Claude Flibotte, Line St-Pierre, Rick Lyon, Margarita Niño, Jean Lapierre, André Pominville, Reflectivite, 2023
- ↑ 71:7.3: #1. The Urantia Book and the collapse of the capitalist era, Jan Herca (license , 2024
- ↑ 71:7.4: #1. Urantia Spring, Joshua J. Wilson, Fellowship Herald, 2017
- ↑ 71:7.5: #1. Reflections of the 2018 Summer Study Session, Gary Deinstadt, Urantia Foundation News Online, 2018
- ↑ 71:7.5: #1. Réflectivité — Issue 344 — May 2021, Gaétan Charland, Sophie Malicot, Margarita Niño, Line St-Pierre, Gilles Bertrand, Éric Tarissan, Reflectivite, 2021
- ↑ 71:7.5: #1. Welcome & Contact Details, Urantia Foundation, Urantia Foundation News Online, 2008
- ↑ 71:7.7: #1; ↑ 71:8.3: #1. Motaquest, George Zuberbuehler, Study Group Herald, 1993
- ↑ 71:7.13: #1; ↑ 71:7.5: #1. With Respect To Adversity, Bart Gibbons, Journal, 2015
- ↑ 71:8: #1; ↑ 71:8.14: #1. Six-0-Six Newsletter — Volume 10 No. 2 — March 1989, Ann Bendall, Chris Moseley, William Wentworth, 6-0-6, 1989
- ↑ 71:8: #1; ↑ 71:8.14: #1; ↑ 71:8.15: #1. Prospects For A World Religion, Chris Moseley, 6-0-6, 1989
- ↑ 71:8.1: #1; ↑ 71:8.15: #1. A Positive Shift in Planetary Consciousness, Luis Garcia-Bory, Journal, 2020
- ↑ 71:8.5: #1. The Urantia Book and Sexist Language, Judith L. Mace, Journal, 1993
- ↑ 71:8.12: #1. The Father Idea, Daniel Love Glazer, Journal, 1994
- ↑ 71:8.14: #1. Journey to India, Dave Holt, Fellowship Herald, 2005
- ↑ 71:8.15: #1. The Anxious Evolution of Urantia, Mark Blackham, Tidings, 2021
¶ Study aids
- ↑ 71:0.1: #1; ↑ 71:4.16: #1; ↑ 71:4.17: #1; ↑ 71:6.1: #1; ↑ 71:6.2: #1; ↑ 71:6.3: #1; ↑ 71:7.1: #1; ↑ 71:7.5: #1. Workbook II — Science in The Urantia Book — Part V. Anthropology, William S. Sadler, 1959
- ↑ 71:0.2: #1; ↑ 71:2.1: #1; ↑ 71:2.7: #1; ↑ 71:3.8: #1; ↑ 71:4.1: #1; ↑ 71:4.17: #1; ↑ 71:5.2: #1; ↑ 71:6.2: #1; ↑ 71:8.2: #1. Workbook III — Topical and Doctrinal Studies — The State, William S. Sadler, 1959
- ↑ 71:0.2: #1; ↑ 71:2.1: #1; ↑ 71:2.7: #1; ↑ 71:2.9: #1; ↑ 71:3.10: #1; ↑ 71:3.11: #1; ↑ 71:3.8: #1; ↑ 71:4.17: #1; ↑ 71:4.2: #1; ↑ 71:5.2: #1; ↑ 71:6.1: #1; ↑ 71:6.3: #1; ↑ 71:8.2: #1. Workbook V — Theology of The Urantia Book — 20. The State, William S. Sadler, 1959
- ↑ 71:2.7: #1; ↑ 71:2.8: #1; ↑ 71:5.1: #1; ↑ 71:5.2: #1; ↑ 71:5.3: #1; ↑ 71:5.4: #1; ↑ 71:6.1: #1; ↑ 71:6.2: #1; ↑ 71:6.3: #1; ↑ 71:7.3: #1; ↑ 71:7.4: #1; ↑ 71:7.5: #1. Business on Urantia — The Big Picture — Part III — The History Of Urantia, Neil Francey, 2019
- ↑ 71:4.16: #1; ↑ 71:5.2: #1; ↑ 71:6.1: #1. Workbook VIII — Worship and Wisdom — Part III: The History Of Urantia, William S. Sadler, 1959
- ↑ 71:7.1: #1; ↑ 71:7.2: #1. Workbook III — Topical and Doctrinal Studies — Education, William S. Sadler, 1959
- ↑ 71:7.1: #1; ↑ 71:7.2: #1; ↑ 71:7.5: #1. Workbook V — Theology of The Urantia Book — 18. Education, William S. Sadler, 1959
- ↑ 71:7.2: #1; ↑ 71:7.4: #1. FAQ — Frequently Asked Questions